Geological and atmospheric processes, such as hydrothermal venting, plate tectonics, and chemical cycling, play critical roles in supplying essential nutrients and maintaining habitability on ocean-covered or water-rich worlds.
The provided papers collectively support the claim that planetary-scale geological mechanisms (such as mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal activity, plate tectonics, and mantle-surface volatile cycling) and atmospheric or chemical interactions supply the necessary nutrients and chemical gradients to sustain life on ocean-covered or water-rich worlds. None of the papers refute this relationship.