The first carbon nucleus in the Universe came into existence during stellar nucleosynthesis
Peer-reviewed literature and scientific references report that carbon nuclei in the universe were produced through stellar nucleosynthesis in stars rather than during the initial Big Bang.
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arXiv: Bridging the mass gaps at A=5 and A=8 in nucleosynthesis. https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0009046
Bridging the mass gaps at A=5 and A=8 in nucleosynthesis In nucleosynthesis three possible paths are known to bridge the mass gaps at A=5 and A=8. The primary path producing the bulk of the carbon in our Universe proceeds via the triple-alpha process He4(2alpha,gamma)C12. This process takes place in helium-burning of red giant stars. We show that outside a narrow window of about 0.5% of the strength or range of the strong force, the stellar production of carbon or oxygen through the triple-alpha process is reduced by factors of 30 to 1000. Outside this small window the creation of carbon or oxygen and therefore also carbon-based life in the universe is strongly disfavored. The anthropically allowed strengths of the strong force also give severe constraints for the sum of the light quark masses as well as the Higgs vacuum expectation value and mass parameter at the 1% level. Published as: Nucl.Phys. A689 (2001) 269-279 DOI: 10.1016/S0375-9474(01)00841-7 arXiv categories: nucl-th astro-ph hep-ph
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The Growth of the Cosmic Inheritance on Earth. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195118285.003.0003
Abstract At this juncture we take up again our chronicle of the first organizations of energy and matter in the cosmos. We had left the account at a stage when our solar system emerged out of the remnants of a star explosion which happened some 5 billion years ago in the Milky Way, a supernova whose heavier atoms were hurled out into space and eventually condensed to form the planets. From this point on we taper our view to planet Earth. There, the workshop of organizations idled for a while, until things cooled down. Most everything on Earth then was prefabricated, so to speak. What elements there were, came from somewhere else; the carbon and oxygen nuclei came from the ancestral supernova, and the hydrogen and helium were leftovers of the syntheses during the first three minutes of the universe. There would be little chance for further development until the temperature dropped to a degree where atoms could interact electrostatically and stick together to form molecules. A pair of hydrogen atoms, for example, will interact at a short distance: the electron of one atom is attracted by the nucleus of the other, and vice versa; at a distance of0.74 angstroms, there is an energy trough where the two atoms can build a stable organization in which their electrons are shared. Such covalent bonding requires no energy outside that contributed by the two atoms themselves.
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