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All languages have passive constructions.

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CONTESTED PARTIAL
Recorded sources
4 sources for · 3 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

Is it true that all languages have passive constructions?

Partly. Several sources document passive constructions in particular languages (English, Uzbek, Danish, Swedish, isiXhosa, Pinghua), while others note languages lacking overt passive marking and cite a figure that only 44% of languages have passive equivalents. None settles the universal claim about all languages.

Verdict: CONTESTED PARTIAL · 4 sources for, 3 against · Last checked

The private library was unavailable for some searches in this check. Missing library results are not evidence against the claim.

Evidence for · 4
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
2026
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Kamola, R. & qizi, T. S. Z. (2026). A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES. zenodo.org. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18622393

Evidence against · 3
Passive constructions
2025
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Guérois, R. (2025). Passive constructions. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808343.003.0019

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More for · 3
The Passive Constructions in the 16th and 17th century Danish and Swedish
2026
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The Passive Constructions in the 16th and 17th century Danish and Swedish. (2026). doi.org. https://doi.org/10.63420/anf.v139i.28750

Typological insight into passive constructions of Sinitic languages: Passive marker 着 tɕak52 in Baihe Pinghu
2026
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Typological insight into passive constructions of Sinitic languages: Passive marker 着 tɕak52 in Baihe Pinghu. (2026). hal.science. https://hal.science/hal-05668047v1

A comparative analysis of passive constructions in English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa: Grammar and acquisition
2017
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A comparative analysis of passive constructions in English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa: Grammar and acquisition. (2017). doi.org. https://doi.org/10.5774/47-0-247

More against · 2
Negative transfer in the L2 acquisition of passive constructions and factors affecting successful learning
2024
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Negative transfer in the L2 acquisition of passive constructions and factors affecting successful learning. (2024). doaj.org. https://doaj.org/article/810d9bb9abe943b282d54ad0f907ea2d

An Introduction to Child Language
2024
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Letts, C. (2024). An Introduction to Child Language. play.google.com. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=ODYjEQAAQBAJ&source=gbs_api

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held for human review18 Oct 2026
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