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the claim

Legal and illegal drugs can have psychoactive effects on the brain that alter mood, perceptions, thinking, and behavior.

the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
Recorded sources
9 sources for · 0 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

Is it true that legal and illegal drugs can have psychoactive effects on the brain that alter mood, perceptions, thinking, and behavior?

Yes. Legal and illegal substances, ranging from prescribed medications to recreational drugs and botanicals, exert significant psychoactive effects on the central nervous system that alter human mood, perception, thinking, and behavior.

Verdict: SUPPORTED · 9 sources for, 0 against · Last checked

The analysis

The retrieved literature extensively documents how various legal and illegal substances (such as anticonvulsants, cannabinoids, arecoline, opioids, and psychedelics) interact with the central nervous system to modify mood, cognitive processing, perception, and behavior. All applicable papers support the claim, and no papers refute it.

Evidence for · 9
Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Anticonvulsant Therapy
1985
Anticonvulsant therapies such as barbiturates are shown to alter mood, behavior, and cognitive functioning.
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Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Anticonvulsant Therapy. (1985). doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.76.4.644

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More for · 8
Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Anticonvulsant Therapy
1995
Antiepileptic medications can produce noticeable changes in patient behavior, mood, and cognitive performance.
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Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Anticonvulsant Therapy. (1995). doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.3.538

New Psychoactive Substances: A Matter of Time
2019
New psychoactive substances enter markets because they produce psychoactive intoxication and user effects.
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Pantano, F., Graziano, S., Pacifici, R., Busardò, F. P., & Pichini, S. (2019). New Psychoactive Substances: A Matter of Time. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x1709190729101751

A critical assessment of the abuse, dependence and associated safety risks of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoids.
2024
Cannabinoids and other psychoactive substances directly affect mental processes like perception, cognition, and mood.
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DJ, H., J, G., & SL, S. (2024). A critical assessment of the abuse, dependence and associated safety risks of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoids.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1322434

Modulation of neural activity and gene expression by arecoline.
2025
Arecoline acts as a psychoactive alkaloid that alters behavior, neural activity, and reward processing in the CNS.
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X, L., J, G., X, L., J, G., Y, L., P, C., D, Y., T, F., M, C., & Y, G. (2025). Modulation of neural activity and gene expression by arecoline.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2025.1545260

Salvinorin A and <i>Salvia divinorum</i>: Toxicology, Pharmacological Profile, and Therapeutic Potential.
2025
Salvia divinorum functions as a psychoactive plant that induces distinct pharmacological and psychological effects.
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S, C., B, P., LM, R., T, R., E, G., & AP, D. (2025). Salvinorin A and <i>Salvia divinorum</i>: Toxicology, Pharmacological Profile, and Therapeutic Potential.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125588

Review of Selected 2-Phenylethylamine Derivatives and Opioids, Systematic Review of Their Effects on Psychomotor Abilities and Driving Performance: Psychopharmacology in the Context of Road Safety.
2025
Psychoactive substances like PEA derivatives and opioids alter psychomotor abilities, reaction times, and driving performance.
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K, Ż., K, B., W, P., M, S., I, R., I, I., M, W., K, W., W, P., D, Ś., M, R., & A, C. (2025). Review of Selected 2-Phenylethylamine Derivatives and Opioids, Systematic Review of Their Effects on Psychomotor Abilities and Driving Performance: Psychopharmacology in the Context of Road Safety.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18101555

Lysergic Acid Amide (LSA), an LSD Analog: Systematic Review of Pharmacological Effects, Adverse Outcomes, and Therapeutic Potentials.
2025
LSA consumption leads to psychological and perceptual changes such as euphoria, hallucinations, and anxiety.
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PSCC, C., K, L., MOP, P., J, T., HS, B., AB, N., JR, S., & JM, C. (2025). Lysergic Acid Amide (LSA), an LSD Analog: Systematic Review of Pharmacological Effects, Adverse Outcomes, and Therapeutic Potentials.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13040098

Psychedelics distinctly alter brain entropy and complexity compared to psychostimulants
2026
Psychedelics and psychostimulants alter brain entropy, complexity, and other neural metrics tied to perception and mood.
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K, L., PM, F., DE, M., AS, O., F, M., M, L., S, B., F, H., P, V., L, L., A, K., A, B., B, O., & M, A. (2026). Psychedelics distinctly alter brain entropy and complexity compared to psychostimulants. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.01.15.26344193

What does the evidence say?

The retrieved literature extensively documents how various legal and illegal substances (such as anticonvulsants, cannabinoids, arecoline, opioids, and psychedelics) interact with the central nervous system to modify mood, cognitive processing, perception, and behavior. All applicable papers support the claim, and no papers refute it.

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