Canadian English and General American English have distinct vowel phoneme inventories
Linguistic literature demonstrates that Canadian English and General American English differ notably in their vowel systems, including distinct patterns of vowel mergers, quality variations, and phonological processes such as Canadian Raising.
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Foreign (a) in North American English: Variation and Change in Loan Phonology. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424219896397
Previous research has shown that Canadian English displays a unique pattern of nativizing the stressed vowel of foreign words spelled with the letter , like lava, pasta, and spa, known as foreign (a), with more use of /æ/ (the trap vowel) and less use of /ah/ (the palm vowel) than American English. This paper analyzes one hundred examples of foreign (a), produced by sixty-one Canadian and thirty-one American English-speakers, in order to shed more light on this pattern and its current development. Acoustic analysis is used to determine whether each participant assigns each vowel to English /æ/, /ah/, or an intermediate category between /æ/ and /ah/. It reports that the Canadian pattern, though still distinct, is converging with the American pattern, in that Canadians now use slightly more /ah/ than /æ/; that men appear to lead this change but this is because they participate less than women do in the Short Front (Canadian) Vowel Shift; that intermediate vowel assignments are comparatively rare, suggesting that a new low-central vowel phoneme is not emerging; that the Canadian tendency toward American pronunciation is not well aligned with overt attitudes toward the United States and American English; and that the national differences in foreign (a) assignment result not from structural, phonological differences between the dialects so much as from a complex set of sociocultural factors.
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A Handbook of Varieties of English. 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id=pIt5AAAAIAAJ&dq=Canadian+English+and+General+American+English+have+distinct+vowel+phoneme+inventories&hl=&as_pt=BOOKS&source=gbs_api
... general vocabulary , Canadian usage inclines overwhelmingly toward the American ... have never had any currency in vernacular Canadian speech , and younger ... vowel space . While this merger is by no means unique to Canada , being ... A reference work on phonology and the first-ever comprehensive overview of the morphology and syntax of varieties of English in the world.
Teaching Pronunciation Hardback with Audio CDs (2). 2010. http://books.google.com/books?id=dqgvZq4T4foC&dq=Canadian+English+and+General+American+English+have+distinct+vowel+phoneme+inventories&hl=&as_pt=BOOKS&source=gbs_api
... American English ( NAE ) and British English There are a number of noticeable differences between standard Southern British and standard NAE pronunciation . These differences are summarized here in terms of the ( 1 ) phonemic inventories ... Teaching Pronunciation Second edition is a comprehensive treatment of pronunciation pedagogy. This new edition of Teaching Pronunciation - undoubtedly the gold standard for pronunciation methodology texts - has been revised to reflect recent research into the sound system of North American English, as well as new practices in pronunciation pedagogy. Audio CDs with additional examples are now packaged with the book.
Canadian English. https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/world-englishes/canadian-english/
at Newfoundland has a distinct phonology (Clarke 2008). Pronunciations of specifically Newfoundland terms use the same symbol set but where necessary are rendered to approximate Story, Kirwin & Widdowson’s Dictionary of Newfoundland English . Vowels Symbol Keyword Symbol Keyword Symbol Keyword ɪi fleece ɒ lot , cloth , thought ɪr near i happ y ɒː saw ɛr square ɪ kit ər nurse , cure , lett er ʌʊ mouth ɛ dress ʌɪ price aʊ loud , now æ trap , bath ɑɪ pride , pry ɵʊ goat ʌ strut eɪ face ɔɪ voice ʌr start ʊ foot æ̃ gratin ɑr star ʉu goose ɒ̃ salon ɔr north , force ə comm a ᵻ ( /ɪ/-/ə/ ) The OED model for Canadian English vowels reflects most of the phonetic qualities described by Boberg (2008), with several other sources consulted for clarification or expansion of the model. There are several key differences between Canadian and U.S. Englishes. Firstly, the vowel mergers have not resulted in exactly the same vowel qualities as the American, as can be noted for vowels such as lot , cloth , thought (more rounded than their U.S. counterparts). Secondly, Canadian English has a feature known as ‘Canadian Raising’ which applies to the mouth and price vowels (i.e., when occurring before voiceless consonants), and a similar process applying to start vowels. The starting point for these vowels is with the highest point of the tongue slightly higher in the mouth than for the same vowel in other positions. Thirdly, the OED model permits slightly less restricted use of nasalized vowels in Canadian English (in contrast with British or U.S. English) in French-Canadian loanwords. Some similarities between U.S and Canadian English include: rendering words such as borrow, sorry and tomorrow with the force vowel; little distinction if any between the strut and comma vowels; and finally, where /ær/ would be expected, it is usually merged at the level of the dress vowel, rendering Mary / merry/marry near-homophones with /ɛr/ . Consonants Consonantally, Ca
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