Scientific instruments designed for space applications require extensive radiation and thermal hardening, which significantly increases their cost and complexity relative to terrestrial counterparts.
The retrieved papers include studies detailing the specialized design, component selection, and radiation/thermal hardening required for space instruments (such as Langmuir probes and space power converters). While some modern initiatives attempt to reduce costs using commercial-off-the-shelf components, space instruments consistently demand rigorous qualification and hardening that elevate expenses.