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the claim

Smoking causes heart disease.

the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
Recorded sources
9 sources for · 1 against

Counts group repeated records of the same source within each side. They do not measure evidence strength or source independence.

Is it true that smoking causes heart disease?

Yes. Multiple authoritative health sources (MedlinePlus, CDC, NHLBI) state directly that smoking causes cardiovascular disease and damages the heart and blood vessels, and a peer-reviewed review states the evidence that smoking causes cardiovascular disease. Some items cover only secondhand smoke or historical reports, but the core claim is fully supported.

Verdict: SUPPORTED · 9 sources for, 1 against · Last checked

The private library was unavailable for some searches in this check. Missing library results are not evidence against the claim.

Evidence for · 9
Smoking
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Smoking. (n.d.). medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html

Evidence against · 1
Ischemic Heart Disease and Spousal Smoking in the National Mortality Followback Survey
1995
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Ischemic Heart Disease and Spousal Smoking in the National Mortality Followback Survey. (1995). doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1995.1022

See more details
More for · 8
[Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease].
2004
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[Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease].. (2004). hdl.handle.net. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/58930

SMOKING AND HEART-DISEASE. (Timaru Herald, 22 January 1887)
1887
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SMOKING AND HEART-DISEASE. (Timaru Herald, 22 January 1887). (1887). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/THD18870122.2.26

Impact of smoking cessation and smoking interventions in patients with coronary heart disease
1999
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Impact of smoking cessation and smoking interventions in patients with coronary heart disease. (1999). doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1999.1658

SMOKING AND HEART DISEASE. (Grey River Argus, 12 February 1887)
1887
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SMOKING AND HEART DISEASE. (Grey River Argus, 12 February 1887). (1887). paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GRA18870212.2.33

Health Effects of Cigarettes: Cardiovascular Disease | Smoking and Tobacco Use | CDC
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Health Effects of Cigarettes: Cardiovascular Disease | Smoking and Tobacco Use | CDC. (n.d.). cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/about/cigarettes-and-cardiovascular-disease.html

Smoking and Your Heart - How Smoking Affects the Heart and Blood Vessels | NHLBI, NIH
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Smoking and Your Heart - How Smoking Affects the Heart and Blood Vessels | NHLBI, NIH. (n.d.). nhlbi.nih.gov. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart/smoking

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence
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Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence. (n.d.). cir.nii.ac.jp. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7114.973

Cigarette Smoking Reduction and Health Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
2021
Get citation
Chang, J. T., Anic, G. M., Rostron, B. L., Tanwar, M., & Chang, C. M. (2021). Cigarette Smoking Reduction and Health Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.. doi.org. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa156

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