It is a well-documented historical fact that the European colonial population in the Dutch East Indies was vastly outnumbered by the native Indonesian population, requiring no specific academic citation.
The claim states that the Dutch colonial population in Indonesia was vastly outnumbered by the native population. This is a matter of straightforward historical demography and common knowledge regarding colonial rule (where a small European administrative and military minority ruled over millions of indigenous inhabitants). No citation is needed for this obvious historical reality, and the provided papers do not directly focus on demographic ratios as their main thesis, though general historical context confirms it.