Specific metals form protective oxide layers based on the Pilling-Bedworth ratio
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
confidence 86/100
Specific metals form protective oxide or scale layers based on volume ratios described by the Pilling-Bedworth ratio, which predicts whether an oxide film will remain intact or crack.
Evidence for · 3
The Pilling-Bedworth Ratio of Oxides Formed From the Precipitated Phases in Magnesium Alloys
2021 · cited by 56
Paper 0 calculates specific Pilling-Bedworth ratios (PBR) for various magnesium alloy precipitates to determine whether their formed oxides provide good protective layers.
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More for · 2
Novel method for predicting the cracks of oxide scales during high temperature oxidation of metals and alloys by using machine learning.
2025 · cited by 1
Paper 1 notes that the Pilling-Bedworth ratio is traditionally employed to predict volume changes and protective oxide spallation, though it acknowledges limitations in complex real-world conditions.
Exploiting the Pilling-Bedworth Effect: A Two-Step Oxidation-Reduction Bonding for Pressureless Cu Sintering
2026 · cited by 0
Paper 6 describes exploiting the Pilling-Bedworth effect and volume expansion during copper oxidation to achieve pre-densification and structural changes.