Protons are composed of valence quarks, sea quarks, and gluons
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
confidence 88/100
Modern particle physics and high-energy collider data confirm that protons are complex composite particles made up of valence quarks, sea quarks, and gluons.
Evidence for · 4
Parton distributions from high-precision collider data: NNPDF Collaboration.
2017 · cited by 126
NNPDF3.1 discusses independent parton distributions for light-quarks, charm, and gluons, reflecting the internal partonic structure of the proton.
See more details
More for · 3
EPPS16: nuclear parton distributions with LHC data.
2017 · cited by 23
EPPS16 analyzes nuclear parton distributions and discusses constraints on valence quarks and gluons.
Neutrino-nucleon DIS from holographic QCD: PDFs of sea and valence quarks, form factors, and structure functions of the proton
2021 · cited by 4
Holographic QCD approaches extract non-perturbative parton distribution functions carried by sea and valence quarks in the proton.
Twist-3 generalized parton distributions of sea quarks at zero skewness in the light-cone quark model
2025 · cited by 2
Studies of twist-3 parton distributions investigate the sea quark contributions within the proton.