Higher-valence ions coagulate colloids more effectively according to the Hardy-Schulze law
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
confidence 83/100
Multiple studies and classical colloid chemistry models confirm the Hardy-Schulze law, demonstrating that ions with higher valency are increasingly effective at coagulating colloidal suspensions.
Evidence for · 5
Effects of ionic valence on aggregation kinetics of colloidal particles with and without a mixing flow.
2023 · cited by 20
The study discusses the classical Schulze-Hardy rule regarding how counter-ionic valence inversely relates to critical coagulation concentration.
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More for · 4
Specific Ion Effects on Aggregation and Charging Properties of Boron Nitride Nanospheres.
2021 · cited by 14
Findings confirm that critical coagulation concentrations decrease with increasing counterion valence in line with the direct Schulze-Hardy rule.
Peptide valence-induced breaks in plasmonic coupling.
2023 · cited by 8
The research demonstrates that nanoparticle coagulation tendencies follow the six-power relationship of the Schulze-Hardy rule with higher valency counterions.
Correlations Between Colloidal Stability and Peroxidase Activity of Prussian Blue Nanozymes in Salt Solutions.
2025 · cited by 3
Results show that multivalent ions significantly alter colloidal stability by compressing the electric double layer according to classical principles.
Quantitative characterization of non-DLVO factors in the aggregation of black soil colloids.
2022 · cited by 3
Aggregation kinetics in different cation valence systems follow the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek model aligned with these concepts.