Mass-based radiation shielding is more efficient for spacecraft than magnetic shielding at current technological levels
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REFUTED
the evidence says no
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the weight of evidence
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NASA reports and peer-reviewed literature indicate that active magnetic shielding offers greater mass efficiency compared to conventional mass-based shielding for spacecraft.
Astronauts participating in deep-space exploration missions will be exposed to significantly greater amounts of radiation than is typically encountered on Earth or in low Earth orbit (LEO), which poses significant risks to crew health and mission safety. Active magnetic radiation shields based on the Lorentz deflection of charged particles have the potential to reduce astronaut doses with lower mass costs than passive shielding techniques. Typically, active shielding performance is evaluated using high-fidelity Monte Carlo simulations, which are too computationally expensive to evaluate an entire trade space of shield designs. A rapid, semi-analytical model based on the High Charge and Energy Transport code (HZETRN) developed in 2014 provided an alternative method by which to evaluate the performance of solenoidal shields. However, various simplifying assumptions made in the original model have limited its accuracy, and therefore require evaluation and correction. In this work, a number of aspects of the original semi-analytical model are updated and validated by Monte Carlo simulation, then used to recharacterize the design trade space of solenoidal magnetic shields. The updated model predicts improved performance for weaker shields as compared to the original model, but greatly diminished performance for strong shields with bending powers greater than 20 T-m. Overall, the results indicate that magnetic shields enable significant mass savings over passive shields for mission scenarios where the requisite dose reduction is greater than about 60% relative to free space, which includes most exploration missions longer than one year with significant time spent outside LEO.
A trade study for an active shielding concept based on magnetic fields in a solenoid configuration versus mass based shielding was developed. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the radiation exposure for two values of the magnetic field strength and the mass of the magnetic shield configuration. For each field strength, results were reported for the magnetic region shielding (end caps ignored) and total region shielding (end caps included but no magnetic field protection) configurations. A value of 15 cSv was chosen to be the maximum exposure for an astronaut. The radiation dose estimate over the total shield region configuration cannot be used at this time without a better understanding of the material and mass present in the end cap regions through a detailed vehicle design. The magnetic shield region configuration, assuming the end cap regions contribute zero exposure, can be launched on a single Space Launch System rocket and up to a two year mission can be supported. The magnetic shield region configuration results in two versus nine launches for a comparable mass based shielding configuration. The active shielding approach is clearly more mass efficient because of the reduced number of launches than the mass based shielding for long duration missions.
A trade study for an active shielding concept based on magnetic fields in a solenoid configuration versus mass based shielding was developed. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the radiation exposure for two values of the magnetic field strength and the mass of the magnetic shield configuration. For each field strength, results were reported for the magnetic region shielding (end caps ignored) and total region shielding (end caps included but no magnetic field protection) configurations. A value of 15 cSv was chosen to be the maximum exposure for an astronaut. The radiation dose estimate over the total shield region configuration cannot be used at this time without a better understanding of the material and mass present in the end cap regions through a detailed vehicle design. The magnetic shield region configuration, assuming the end cap regions contribute zero exposure, can be launched on a single Space Launch System rocket and up to a two year mission can be supported. The magnetic shield region configuration results in two versus nine launches for a comparable mass based shielding configuration. The active shielding approach is clearly more mass efficient because of the reduced number of launches than the mass based shielding for long duration missions.
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