Abstract: Bayesian update is a core benchmark tool for uncertainty decision-making, expectation formation, information learning, and belief evolution theory in modern economics. The classical Bayesian model is built on the classic worldview of mutually exclusive states, additive probabilities, unique beliefs, observation neutrality, and linear updates. It regards information learning as a deterministic, unidirectional, and convergence correction process from prior probability to posterior probability. However, the formation of beliefs among real economic entities generally exhibits typical characteristics such as multiple state superposition, mutual interference of expectations, persistent belief conflicts, increasingly chaotic information, and changes in observation systems. This leads to systematic biases in classical Bayesian updates when explaining real-world phenomena such as expectation reversal, belief polarization, herd behavior, announcement effects, and learning traps. This article is strictly based on the belief ontology structure of economic entities, avoiding physical metaphors and analogies. It introduces quantum superposition, quantum coherence, observation collapse, and quantum information entropy to construct an axiomatic system, upgrades the paradigm of classical Bayesian updating, and constructs a general Quantum Bayesian Updating (QBU) theory. This article rigorously proves that classical Bayesian updating is a degenerate special case of quantum Bayesian u

Classical and quantum bits serve as cornerstone in information science. As this field rapidly evolves, the interplay between the two continues to enrich and inspire each other. Here, analog superposition states and analog nonseparable states are theoretically explored and experimentally demonstrated in a reconfigurable time-varying metasurface. To implement the quantum-inspired states in classical system, we have developed a reconfigurable metasurface capable of synthesizing analog superposition states across the temporal dimension and analog nonseparable states across spatial and polarization dimensions. Due to its unique features of analog superposition and nonseparability, the proposed metasurface holds great potentials to revolutionize the information processing capabilities beyond those offered by the classical information metasurface. This work not only offers a reconfigurable physical platform to advance classical and quantum information, but also will both enable unknown wave phenomena and provide promising perspectives in the fields of information science, quantum physics and material science.

Schrödinger's cat is a Gedankenexperiment in quantum physics, in which an atomic decay triggers the death of the cat. Because quantum physics allow atoms to remain in superpositions of states, the classical cat would then be simultaneously dead and alive. By analogy, a 'cat' state of freely propagating light can be defined as a quantum superposition of well separated quasiclassical states--it is a classical light wave that simultaneously possesses two opposite phases. Such states play an important role in fundamental tests of quantum theory and in many quantum information processing tasks, inc

The quantum computer game "Schrodinger cat and hounds" is the quantum extension of the well-known classical game fox and hounds. Its main objective is to teach the unique concepts of quantum mechanics in a fun way. "Schrodinger cat and hounds" demonstrates the effects of superposition, destructive and constructive interference, measurements and entanglement. More advanced concepts, like particle-wave duality and decoherence, can also be taught using the game as a model. The game that has an optimal solution in the classical version, can have many different solutions and a new balance of powers