Collage of Raoul Wallenberg letter, photograph and plaque. Information Provided by Michael D. Bulmash: A Letter of Exemption signed by Raoul Wallenberg issued August 24, 1944, designed to protect the daughter of a Hungarian art collector by identifying her as a Swedish subject thereby exempting her from wearing the yellow star and ultimately safeguarding her from deportation and murder in the Nazi death camps. Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Hungarian Jews from extermination during WWII, would be recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations. He would be recogni

dS 664)3 IO Isl @enehGrares | The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews PETER LONGERICH OXFORD UNIVERSITY … PART V THE EXTERMINATION OF THE EUROPEAN JEW, 1942-1945 17. The Beginning of the Extermination Policy on … complexity of the object of our study—the systematic murder of the European Jews. The more research develops

Hearing reveals how U S exonerates Nazi criminals A mass of new and hitherto unpublicized evidence documenting the collapse of the denazification program in the US zone of Germany was presented to an unofficial board of inquiry in New York Oct 24 which declared it would seek a fullscale congressional probe Heading the board of inquiry was Abraham L Pom eranxz assistant uo prose cutor in the Nuremberg war trials and Russ Nixon form er director of the Division of Investigation of Cartels Ex ternal Assets Former CIO coun sel Lefe Pressman interrogated the chief witnesses who were all formerly associated with ef forts to break up the German cartels demilitarize Germanys economy and prosecute Nazi war criminals As the evidence of the US get soft with Germany policy unfolded exclamations of shock and anger came from the audi ence which included former in mates of Buchenwal and other concentration camps American GIs still incredulous after three years at the brutal treatment they received from the Nazis as prisoners of war parents of GIs killed in German detention camps and ordinary citizens who have not forgotten the 26 million wrar dead The crowd broke into ap plause when Solomon Surowitz

however, is the Defendants’ contention that the extermination of the Jews in the death camps was carried out pursuant to some official Nazi policy sanctioned

Documentation of the new Museum designed by BBPR and for publication: Orlandi Piero, “Museum monument to political and racial deportee in Nazi extermination camps: Carpi, Castle of Pius,” Sesto San Giovanni, G. Beveresco

Abstract:This chapter discusses the two Polenaktionen of 1938 and 1939. In October 1938 Nazi Germany forced more than 17,000 Jews with Polish citizenship to cross the border into Poland. There, they became refugees, cared for by the Polish Jewish communities and seen by the Polish government as merely a pawn in international politics. In September 1939, shortly after the German invasion of Poland, at least 5,000 Jewish men with Polish or former Polish citizenship were arrested in Germany and taken to the camps of Buchenwald, Dachau, and Sachsenhausen. Most perished, while a few were freed after an exceptional act of Jewish resistance. Both Polenaktionen were unique measures of persecution of Jews with Polish passports. They constituted an important stage in the transition of Nazi policy from expulsion to mass murder.

"Torture on Trial: Prosecuting Sadists and the Obfuscation of Systemic Crime": With war come war crimes. There is no documented war in which atrocities, torture, and excessive cruelty upon innocent civilians did not accompany it. To be sure, some cases are worse than others. In the case of Nazi Germany, war also included a systematic genocide, whose machinery of destruction took almost 6 millions lives outside of the framework of the blitzkrieg and the front. Rightfully, the crime of the Holocaust became the focus of criminal prosecution after the war, not only by the Allies but also by the West Germans. Some 6500 former Nazis were brought to trial in West Germany for their participation in the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question," as camp guards, members of killing squads, and desk killers. State attorney's offices had high hopes for these trials; at the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, Attorney General of Hess Fritz Bauer intended to put the whole "Auschwitz Complex" on trial; the Berlin prosecutors of the planned RSHA (Main Reich Security Office) trial hoped to have a massive proceeding against the bureaucrats in charge of the Holocaust, whose pen strokes and signatures sanctioned the murder of millions. And yet, the trials changed course and soon only the most sadistic crimes of torture were the focus of the law, the press coverage, and the public's interest. The real crime, the methodical murder of innocent men, women, and children in the gas chambers and by the killing com

Living conditions in Nazi concentration camps were harsh and inhumane, leading many prisoners to commit suicide. Sachsenhausen (Oranienburg, Germany) was a concentration camp that operated from 1936 to 1945. More than 200,000 people were detained there under Nazi rule. This study analyzes deaths classified as suicides by inmates in this camp, classified as homosexuals, both according to the surviving Nazi files. This collective was especially repressed by the Nazi authorities. Data was collected from the archives of Sachsenhausen Memorial and the International Tracing Service in Bad Arolsen. O

This article analyzes the effects that the arrival of the nazis to power as well as the participation of the neuroscientists in the programs developed by nazi medicine had on german neurology. Review of the literature related with medicine in the times of the nazis, placing special attention on the role played by the neuroscientists. The physicians were the professional group that joined the nazi party the most. Many neurologists, psychiatrists and neuropathologists participated in the sterilization, euthanasia and experimenting programs in humans. Based on the experience acquired in these projects, some were chosen as personnel in charge of extermination in the concentration camps. Eminent neurologists such as Hallervorden, Spatz and Schaltenbrand took advantage of the scientific possibilities offered by the euthanasia and experimentation projects in humans with no harm being done to their careers after the war. Many Jewish neurologist or dissidents were driven out of their work, required to go into exile or, in the worst of the cases, were jailed and assassinated. The nazi government had two outstanding effects on german neurology. On the one hand, many neurologists were harmed due to racial or political reasons. On the other, outstanding neurologists participated in programs of nazi medicine. This reminds us of the perverse role that politics may play in medicine and that scientific knowledge should not forget ethics.

The Roma people originated in northern India and have been known in Europe for nearly a thousand years. For much of that time they have been the subjects of discrimination and oppression, culminating in the extermination of half a million Roma in the Nazi death camps. While it is widely believed that the health of Roma people is often poorer than the majority population, these inequalities remain largely unresearched. Published literature on the health of the Roma people was identified using Medline. Opinion pieces were excluded, as were papers relating to anthropometry and to genetic markers. The resultant papers were analysed by country of study and by disease type or care group. Some 70% of papers identified related to just three countries; Spain and the Czech and Slovak Republics. Much literature concentrates upon communicable disease or reproductive health. The limited evidence suggests increased morbidity from non-communicable disease, but there is little published on this topic. Evidence on health care, though fragmentary, suggests poorer access to health services and uptake of preventative care. Published research on the health needs of the Roma population is sparse. The topics that have received attention suggest a focus on concepts of contagion or social Darwinism, indicating a greater concern with the health needs of the majority populations with which they live. There is a need for both further research into the health of Roma people; with particular emphasis on non-communicable disease; and also for interventions that improve Roma health. Such research must, however, be handled with sensitivity, recognising the social and political context of the society concerned.