A study of the influence of different gas nature on the efficiency of water purification from rod-shaped bacteria of the Bacillus cereus type is presented. The action of oxygen, carbon dioxide and inert argon and helium were used. The investigated water was model microbial water obtained on the basis of deaerated distilled water with the introduction of a pure culture of bacteria in the amount of 7 · 10 4 CFU/cm 3 . The total duration of the process was 2 hours at a reaction medium with temperature of 288 ± 1 K. The change in the number of microorganisms from the duration of gas bubbling is sh

Bacteriophages (phages) have gained considerable attention as effective antimicrobial agents that infect and kill pathogenic bacteria. Based on this feature, phages have been increasingly used to achieve food safety. They are stored in a medium or buffer to ensure stability; however, they cannot be directly applied to food under these conditions due to reasons such as regulatory considerations and concerns about marketability. This study developed a stabilizing solution that allowed the maintenance of phage activity for extended periods at room temperature while being directly applicable to food. The stability of phages stored in distilled water was relatively low. However, adding a stabilizer composed of sugars and salts improved the survival rates of phages significantly, resulting in stability for up to 48 weeks at room temperature. When Escherichia coli O157:H7-contaminated vegetables were washed with tap water containing phages, the phages reduced the pathogenic E. coli count by over 90% compared with washing with tap water alone. Additionally, when pathogenic E. coli -contaminated vegetables were placed in a phage-coated container and exposed to water, the coating of the container dissolved, releasing phages and lysing the pathogenic E. coli . This led to a significant 90% reduction in pathogenic E. coli contamination compared to that after water rinsing. These results suggest an effective and economical method for maintaining phage activity and establishing the potenti

Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi are enteropathogens that differ in host range and the diseases that they cause. We found that exposure to a combination of hypotonicity and the detergent Triton X-100 significantly reduced the viability of the S. Typhi strain Ty2 but had no effect on the S. Typhimurium strain SL1344. Further analysis revealed that hypotonicity was the critical factor: incubation in distilled water alone was sufficient to kill Ty2, while the addition of sodium chloride inhibited killing in a dose-dependent manner. Ty2’s loss of viability in water was modified b Typhimurium strain SL1344. Further analysis revealed that hypotonicity was the critical factor: incubation in distilled water alone was sufficient to kill Ty2, while the addition of sodium chloride inhibited killing in a dose-dependent manner. Ty2’s loss of viability in water was modified by culture conditions: bacteria grown in well-aerated shaking cultures were more susceptible than bacteria grown under less aerated static conditions. Ty2, like many S . Typhi clinical isolates, has an inactivating mutation in the rpoS gene, a transcriptional regulator of stress responses, whereas most S . Typhimurium strains, including SL1344, have the wild-type gene. They also have implications for the handling of these organisms during experimental manipulations. status released display-pdf yes is-olf no is-manuscript no is-preprint no is-journal-matter no is-scanned no is-retracted no Received 2022 Sep 20; Accepted 2022 Dec 6; Collection date 2022. Introduction Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S . Typhimurium) are closely related Gram-negative bacteria that differ in host range and the diseases that they cause. Both organisms are enteropathogens that are transmitted through contaminated food or water. However, S . ****p < 0.0001, n = 8 per group. D. Equivalent numbers of Ty2 (T), grown overnight in shaking culture, were incubated in PBS (Pb) or in 1% Triton X-100 in water (Tx) for 60 minutes at 37°C. The number of bacteria surviving in Triton was determined and expressed as a percentage of the number in PBS. ****p < 0.0001, n = 6 per group. The compromised viability of Ty2 seen in these experiments could be the result of the detergent itself, the low osmolarity of the detergent solution (which was made in distilled water), or a combination of the two. To discriminate between these possibilities, we examined the ability of the bacteria (prepared from overnight static cultures) to survive a 1 hour incubation on ice in 1% Triton X-100 dissolved in water or PBS, or in plain sterile distilled water, relative to incubation in PBS. In contrast to the effects of incubation in Triton/water, we found that incubation in Triton/PBS had no effect on Ty2 viability, while incubation in just distilled water reduced viability by about 40% ( Fig 2A ). The results suggested that it was the combined effect of the detergent and hypotonicity that was responsible for the marked decrease in Ty2 survival. In support of this idea, Triton/water-induced killing of Ty2 was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the presence of NaCl at 50 and 100 mM concentrations ( Fig 2B ). Interestingly, when we used bacteria prepared from well-aerated overnight shaking cultures, incubation in just distilled water, either on ice or at 37°C, resulted in about 99% killing of Ty2, with no significant effect on SL1344 ( Fig 2C and 2D ), similar to the effect of the combination of Triton X-100 and water on Ty2 grown in static culture. ****p < 0.0001, n = 6 per group. D. Equivalent numbers of SL1344 (S) or Ty2 (T) bacteria, grown overnight in shaking cultures, were incubated in PBS (Pb) or sterile distilled water (W) for 1 hour at 37°C. The number of bacteria surviving in each condition was determined and expressed as a percentage of the number in PBS for each strain. ****p < 0.0001, n = 6 per group. To further evaluate the effects of hypotonic conditions on Ty2, we assessed growth of the bacteria at 37°C in standard LB (Miller formulation, 10 g/l NaCl, 400 mosmol/l) and in hypotonic LB (no NaCl, 100 mosml/l) under well-aerated shaking conditions [ 45 , 46 ]. Equivalent numbers of the parental Ty2 (T), Ty2 transformed with wild-type rpoS (T-rpoS) and Ty2 transformed with empty vector (T-vec), grown overnight in shaking cultures, were incubated in PBS or in sterile distilled water for 1 hour on ice ( A ) or at 37°C ( B ). The number of bacteria surviving in water was expressed as a percentage of the number in PBS for each strain (the values for PBS are not shown for ease of visualization). A , **p = 0.0007, ***p = 0.0006, n = 6 per group. B , ****p < 0.0001, n = 4 per group. The bacteria were prepared from overnight shaking cultures, with χ9066 grown in the absence or presence of 0.2% arabinose. As shown in Fig 7 , the survival of χ3744 was not significantly affected by incubation in water (unlike our results with Ty2), while the viability of χ9061 under these conditions was significantly reduced and that of χ9066 was restored to wild-type levels only if rpoS expression was induced by culture in arabinose. These results confirm that rpoS is required for S . Typhi to survive in the low osmolarity environment of distilled water. Correspondingly, and in keeping with the findings reported here, an rpoS null mutant of E . coli undergoes rapid and dramatic lytic death when shifted from stationary phase culture to sterile distilled water [ 54 ]. rpoS has also been implicated in remodeling of the cell wall in stationary phase through its control of genes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis and recycling [ 57 , 58 ]. Thus, effects on the levels of mechanosensitive channels and on peptidoglycan biosynthesis offer potential mechanisms by which rpoS could affect susceptibility to low osmolarity conditions in S . Typhi.

<i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> is an emerging foodborne pathogen that has gained increasing global attention due to its association with severe infections in neonates, particularly meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. These infections are often associated with contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF), a nonsterile but commonly used alternative to breast milk. We conducted a systematic review using the PRISMA approach and registered it in PROSPERO to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the detection, pathogenic mechanisms, antimicrobial resistance, and mitigation strategies <i>of C. sakazakii</i>. A total of 82 research articles published between 2009 and 2024 were included. The findings highlight the bacterium's ability to survive under harsh environmental conditions, including desiccation, osmotic stress, and heat, making it a persistent contaminant in food production. Virulence is driven by several genetic determinants, including outer membrane proteins (<i>OmpA</i> and <i>OmpX</i>), invasion-associated genes (<i>InvA</i> and <i>cpa</i>), and iron acquisition systems. Sequence types ST4 and ST1 are consistently linked to neonatal infections and show strong biofilm-forming potential, increasing the risk of recurring contamination in manufacturing environments. The review compares conventional culture-based detection methods with advanced molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and aptamer-based biosensors, highlighting the need for rapid, cost-effective, and accurate diagnostic tools. While most strains retain antibiotic susceptibility, emerging resistance to <i>β</i>-lactams, macrolides, and cephalothin has been reported, varying by geographic region and strain type. The LED-based decontamination, citral treatments, and antimicrobial packaging materials are promising avenues for prevention. Furthermore, this review underscores the importance of enhanced regulatory oversight, standardized protocols, and public awareness regarding the safe preparation and handling of infant formula, considering the vulnerability of infants. Continued interdisciplinary research and international collaboration are warranted, ensuring microbiological safety and protecting infant health.