recalling the different parts of a sentence, but in the wrong order. The ability to recall in serial order has been found not only in humans, but in a Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieving information from the past. Along with encoding and storage, it is one of the three core processes of memory. There are three main types of recall: free recall, cued recall and serial recall. Psychologists test these forms of recall as a way to study the memory processes of humans and animals. Two main theories of the process of recall are 1. List length effect Serial-recall ability decreases as the length of the list or sequence increases. 2. Primacy and recency effects Primacy effects refer to better recall of items earlier in the sequence, while recency effects refer to better recall of the last few items. Recency effects are seen more with auditory stimuli rather than verbal stimuli as auditory presentation seems to protect the end of lists from output interference. 3. Transposition gradients Transposition gradients refer to the fact that recall tends to be better to recognize what an item is rather than the order of items in a sequence. 4. Item confusion errors When an item is incorrectly recalled, there is a tendency to respond with an item that resembles the original item in that position. 5. Repetition errors These occur during the recall of a sequence when an item from an earlier position in the sequence is given again in another position. This effect is fairly rare in humans. 6. Fill-in effects If an item is recalled incorrectly at an earlier position than its original place, there is a tendency for the next item recalled to be the item that was displaced by this error. For example, if the sequence is '1234' and recall began '124', then the next item is likely to be '3'. 7. Protrusion effects These occur when an item from a previous list or test is accidentally recalled on a new list or test. This item is likely to be recalled at its position from the original trial. 8. Word-length effects Short words are recalled more accurately than longer words.