Existing psychological studies present mixed findings regarding whether women experience more emotion than men, with some research indicating heightened emotional responses or memory in specific contexts and other studies finding no significant differences or pointing out that gender has limited influence on emotional experience.
Background: Women have a two to three times higher risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to men. Several factors are involved explaining this difference (Christiansen & Hansen, ). Both psychosocial and biological explanations (e.g. oxytocin related) have been suggested and will be reviewed in this paper. To date, we are still behind in gender- and sex-sensitive research and reporting. Prevalence and type of trauma: The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is about 10–12% in women and 5–6% in men. There are similar differences between the sexes for (comorbid) disorders such as major depression and anxiety disorders. PTSD subcluster scores have been found to be increased in women, e.g. for re-experiencing and anxious arousal (Charak et al., ). Men and women experience different types of trauma, both in private life and at work (e.g. police officers, Van der Meer et al., ), with women being exposed to more high-impact trauma (e.g. sexual trauma) than men, and at a younger age. Trauma early in life has more impact, especially when it involves type II trauma interfering with neurobiological development and personality. Traumatic stress affects different areas of the brains of boys and girls at different ages. Acute phase, stress-coping and psychotherapy: In the acute phase, women generally score higher than men on acute subjective responses, e.g. threat perception, peritraumatic dissociation and known predictors of PTSD. Women handle stressful situations differe
ERIC - EJ829677 - Emotional Segues and the Management of Emotion by Women and Men, Social Forces, 2008-Dec Notes FAQ Contact Us Collection Thesaurus Advanced Search Tips Peer reviewed only Full text available on ERIC Collection Thesaurus Browse Thesaurus Include Synonyms Include Dead terms Peer reviewed Direct link ERIC Number: EJ829677 Record Type: Journal Publication Date: 2008-Dec Pages: 26 Abstractor: As Provided ISBN: N/A ISSN: ISSN-0037-7732 EISSN: N/A Available Date: N/A Emotional Segues and the Management of Emotion by Women and Men Lively, Kathryn Social Forces , v87 n2 p911-936 Dec 2008 Recent studies suggest that gender may be less influential on the experience of emotion than originally believed.
Most of these studies, however, have focused almost exclusively on gender differences in discrete emotional experiences, paying less attention to the ways in which emotions may co-occur within a relatively short period. Using the General Survey's 1996 emotions module, I examine the correlational structure of nine latent emotion factors-- tranquility, joy, hope, pride, self-reproach, anger, rage, fear and distress--by gender. Using the technique of shortest path analysis, I find women's most common emotional pathways are longer, more complex, and more likely to use more positive and less powerful emotions than those most common to men.
Implications for emotion management, both personal and interpersonal, are discussed. (Contains 2 figures, 4 tables and 17 notes.) Descriptors: Females , Emotional Response , Gender Differences , Males , Emotional Experience , Stress Management , Stress Variables , Structural Equation Models , Factor Analysis , Psychological Patterns , Behavior Patterns University of North Carolina Press. 116 South Boundary Street, P.O. Box 2288, Chapel Hill, NC 27515-2288.
Desmond Departments of Psychology and Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Zuo Zhao Departments of Psychology and Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 John D. E. Gabrieli Departments of Psychology and Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 書誌事項 公開日 2002-07-26 DOI 10.1073/pnas.162356599 公開者 National Academy of Sciences この論文をさがす CiNii Books 説明 <jats:p>Psychological studies have found better memory in women than men for emotional events, but the neural basis for this difference is unknown.
We used event-related functional MRI to assess whether sex differences in memory for emotional stimuli is associated with activation of different neural systems in men and women. Brain activation in 12 men and 12 women was recorded while they rated their experience of emotional arousal in response to neutral and emotionally negative pictures. In a recognition memory test 3 weeks after scanning, highly emotional pictures were remembered best, and remembered better by women than by men. Men and women activated different neural circuits to encode stimuli effectively into memory even when the analysis was restricted to pictures rated equally arousing by both groups.
Men activated significantly more structures than women in a network that included the right amygdala, whereas women activated significantly fewer structures in a network that included the left amygdala. Women had significantly more brain regions where activation correlated with both ongoing evaluation of emotional experience and with subsequent memory for the most emotionally arousing pictures.
Greater overlap in brain regions sensitive to current emotion and contributing to subsequent memory may be a neural mechanism for emotions to enhance memory more powerfully in women than in men.</jats:p> 収録刊行物 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (16), 10789-10794, 2002-07-26 National Academy of Sciences 被引用文献 (5) *注記 読み込み中...
The present study aimed to investigate gender differences in the emotional evaluation of 18 film clips divided into six categories: Erotic, Scenery, Neutral, Sadness, Compassion, and Fear. 41 female and 40 male students rated all clips for valence-pleasantness, arousal, level of elicited distress, anxiety, jittery feelings, excitation, and embarrassment. Analysis of positive films revealed higher levels of arousal, pleasantness, and excitation to the Scenery clips in both genders, but lower pleasantness and greater embarrassment in women compared to men to Erotic clips. Concerning unpleasant s
Facial emotion discrimination: I. Task construction and behavioral findings in normal subjects.
Facial discrimination tasks (age, happy-neutral, and sad-neutral) were developed to address the need for activation tasks that engage emotional processing and can be used during physiologic neuroimaging ("neurobehavioral probes"). The stimuli pictured professional actors and actresses who had been screened for asymmetric features. In experiment I, same-sex stimuli were used to examine the performance of normal subjects (24 men, 15 women) on the three tasks. Performance was better during the emotion-discrimination tasks than during the age-discrimination task, and males had higher sensitivity scores for the detection of sad emotion. However, experiment II showed that the sex of the stimulus interacts with the sex of the subject. Compared with female subjects, male subjects (n = 10) were selectively less sensitive to sad emotion in female faces. Female subjects (n = 10) were more sensitive overall to emotional expression in male faces than in female faces. Thus, men and women differed in performance depending on the sex of the facial stimulus.
Published in Psychiatry research (1992)
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are the 3rd leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. and are associated with significant economic burden and health-related negative consequences. While women may be less likely to develop AUDs, they experience more significant negative health consequences of alcohol use than men. Due to stigma, shame, and child care issues; women are less likely to receive specialty addiction treatment. The comorbidity of depression and AUDs is much higher in women, and compared to men, women depression often has a temporal onset prior to an AUD. Relapse rates are very high in both men and women but significant gender differences emerge in the predictors of relapse. Women are more likely to relapse in unpleasant, negative emotional states and depressive symptoms and negative affect mediate the relationship between these stressors and drinking outcomes. More so than men, women with AUDs report drinking to cope with negative emotions. Therefore, intervention approaches that help women develop alternate coping strategies can have an important role in decreasing alcohol relapse among depressed women with AUDs.
It is known that regardless of the gender or ethnic group of the speaker, the same linguistic system is used for everyone. However, each person’s speech and linguistic abilities and abilities are different. In particular, it is not difficult to understand the significant differences in the speech of men and women in expressing inner feelings during communication. This paper widely presents genderological analysis of emotional expressiveness.
Women express more emotion than men, but do they also experience more emotion than men? Are emotions represented differently in men and women’s brains? What are the origins of gender differences in emotions – are we born different or is it socialization that renders us different? What are the implications of gender differences in emotion for general well-being, insomnia, depression, antisocial behavior, and alexithymia? What are the most appropriate methodologies for the empirical study of gender differences in emotional experiences? In the current book, coordinated by The Swiss Center for Aff
studies to the hypothesis that women experience more emotion in response to affective stimuli … showed that women smile more than men, are more expressive than men, and show higher levels … emotions more than men, but they are believed to express them more than men (Fabes & Martin
Psychological sequelae of infertility treatment: the role of gender and sex-role identification. Infertility has traditionally been viewed as a female problem and women have been expected to suffer greater psychological distress due to infertility. This paper investigates the nature of gender differences and sex-role identification in the psychological sequelae associated with infertility treatment. The expectation that infertile women experience higher distress levels than men was not supported by these data. No gender differences were observed in either the level of emotional strain, marital adjustment, or sexual satisfaction for the 104 couples studied. However, gender differences were apparent in factors associated with psychological distress, suggesting that while the level of strain might be comparable, the experience of infertility is different for men and women. Sex-role identification was found to have a greater relationship to the indices of distress than gender. Masculinity was associated with lower emotional strain and greater marital satisfaction for both genders and enhanced sexual satisfaction for men.
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