Future hydroclimate projections for Central America and the Caribbean were investigated with quantified uncertainties using 20-km and 60-km mesh global atmospheric general circulation models. In these regions, only a few future climate projections with high horizontal resolutions are available, although Central America and the Caribbean are characterized by spatial and temporal complexities in climate. Horizontal resolutions of 20 km and 60 km are comparable to those of regional climate models for a large region. Both the 20-km and 60-km mesh models reproduced reasonably well the observed seasonal precipitation patterns. Precipitation was projected to decrease in most of this region in all seasons by the end of this century. Evaporation from the ocean was projected to increase throughout the year, except in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, whereas evaporation from land areas was generally projected to decrease in the dry season and to increase in the rainy season. Surface soil moisture and total runoff in most land areas were therefore projected to decrease in both models in all seasons. Annual mean streamflow in the future climate was projected to decrease in most of Central America and the Caribbean as a result of decreased precipitation and increased evaporation. The values of hydroclimate variables over four land-only domains in the future climate changed significantly on a monthly basis within each season. In contrast, changes in the annual means of hydroclimate variables for individual countries were highly uncertain. Corresponding address: T. Nakaegawa, Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan. E-mail: tnakaega@mri-jma.go.jp © 2014 by the Japan Meteorological Agency / Meteorological Research Institute Nakaegawa, T. et al. Vol. 65 16 tropical region that is projected to be most responsive to global change, primarily in terms of decreased precipitation and increased precipitation variability (Giorgi, 2006; Tebaldi et al., 2006). For example, a drying trend in the summer in this region is projected in MME studies (Neelin et al., 2006; Rauscher et al., 2008; Campbell et al., 2011). Associated with the drying trend, annual mean streamflow in the Rio Lempa, in Central America, is projected to decrease (Maurer et al., 2009). Many studies have been devoted to impact assessments, adaptation plans, and mitigation measures on the basis of these future climate projections (e.g., IPCC, 2007b, 2012; Bueno et al., 2008; Smith et al., 2011). These studies require modeling at small scales (local, regional, or national), because actual impacts due to climate changes are highly specific to localities, and adaptation plans and mitigation measures also depend on locality. Weather extremes have distinct effects on human activities such as agricultural production, water use, and transportation, and weather changes in future climates will likewise affect these activities (IPCC, 2012). As a prerequisite for reliable future climate projections, climate models need to simulate small-scale atmospheric phenomena such as weather extremes and storm patterns in present-day climates. Climate scientists have therefore been asked to model projected future climate changes at horizontal scales of tens of kilometers or even finer. Because computational demands limit the resolution of atmosphere-ocean GCMs (AOGCMs), fine-scale studies commonly use dynamical regional climate downscaling techniques to obtain high-resolution information on future climate changes. Regional climate models (RCMs) are typically used to downscale large-scale phenomena for smaller target regions with high-resolution grids (e.g., Christensen and Christensen, 2007; Kanada et al., 2010). Problems can arise in this type of downscaling from the lateral boundary conditions, because no interaction is modeled between the target domain and the whole globe, and large-scale systematic errors can result (e.g., Kanamaru and Kanamitsu, 2007). A high-reso

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) regulates Earth's climate by redistributing heat and freshwater across the Atlantic Ocean. While accelerating Arctic melt is expected to weaken the AMOC, its implications for atmospheric composition remain poorly understood. Here we present the first global assessment of atmospheric responses to a 60% AMOC decline using a chemistry–climate model. AMOC weakening slows the monsoon system and shifts the Intertropical Convergence Zone, reducing cloud cover and deep convection over Southeast Asia. These changes modify surface radiation, lightning‐produced NOx, and biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, reshaping tropospheric chemistry and increasing surface ozone. Reduced precipitation also decreases wet deposition efficiency, allowing aerosol particles to accumulate and increasing surface PM2.5 ${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ . Our findings identify a climate–chemistry pathway through which ocean circulation tipping points can exacerbate air‐quality risks in populated regions.

<p>The water cycle, including the seasonal variations in land water availability (precipitation minus actual evapotranspiration (P–ET)), is intensifying with climate warming. These changes in P–ET, particularly the fluctuations between wet and dry seasons, have profound implications for ecosystem functioning and services. Understanding the dynamics and drivers of these changes is crucial for effective water resource management and climate adaptation strategies. Here, we examined seasonal P–ET changes based on multiple datasets across the extratropical Northern Hemisphere over the past two decades. Our results demonstrate a substantial increasing tendency in annual range between wet and dry season P–ET. Specifically, we observed that this trend is driven by both an increase in wet season P–ET and a decrease in dry season P–ET. Further analysis indicated that the changes in wet season P–ET were primarily due to changes in P, whereas the reductions in dry season P–ET were largely attributed to changes in ET. The results reveal a pronounced intra-hemispheric heterogeneity delineating P-dominated versus ET-dominated regimes. Evaluation of 32 state-of-the-art Earth System Models shows that most models capture these seasonal trends during recent decades, although some fail to do so. Our results highlight an enhanced seasonality in hemispheric water availability, driven by distinct changes in wet and dry season dynamics.</p>

Abstract Inorganic mercury (iHg) is an anthropogenic pollutant that forms monomethylmercury, a neurotoxicant affecting human health through seafood consumption. Despite iHg emissions reductions, the impact on oceanic concentrations remains unclear due to limited long-term data. Here, we present a four-year weekly time series of oceanic iHg concentrations at Scripps Pier in La Jolla, California, capturing interannual and seasonal variability. Interannual variability is driven by wet season precipitation, with wet years exhibiting sevenfold higher iHg concentration variance than dry years, potentially linking to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Seasonally, precipitation and wave dynamics influence iHg inputs, with wet seasons driven by precipitation and runoff and dry seasons by upwelling. These parameters informed a model built to reconstruct a 20-year record of iHg concentrations, suggesting a long-term decline of 0.005 pM yr−1 due to climate-driven effects alone. This study highlights challenges in detecting long-term trends and emphasizes the need for sustained monitoring of oceanic iHg.

Wind’s Energy 118 Global Pressure and Wind Systems 119 A Model of Global Pressure 119 Seasonal Pressure Differences … Geography A Model of Global Pressure Seasonal Pressure Differences An Atmospheric Circulation Model Winds in … currents, which are driven, in part, by the global wind systems. An Atmospheric Circulation Model Winds transport Physical geography : Petersen, James F., author : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Skip to main content Keep the news in the Wayback Machine. Sign Fight for the Future's letter . 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Favorite Share Flag Flag this item for Graphic Violence Explicit Sexual Content Hate Speech Misinformation/Disinformation Marketing/Phishing/Advertising Misleading/Inaccurate/Missing Metadata texts Physical geography by Petersen, James F., author Publication date 2017 Topics Physical geography -- Textbooks Publisher San Francisco, CA : Cengage Learning Collection internetarchivebooks ; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English xxii, 645 pages : 29 cm Includes bibliographical references and index Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2023-03-17 21:54:35 Autocrop_version 0.0.14_books-20220331-0.2 Boxid IA40875210 Camera Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control) Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier urn:lcp:physicalgeograph0000pete:epub:90e13e66-9f57-4beb-928e-75d8069ee90b urn:lcp:physicalgeograph0000pete:lcpdf:a0777f4a-846c-412b-a610-5fb56897d807 Foldoutcount 0 Identifier physicalgeograph0000pete Identifier-ark ark:/13960/s2t9n8hsjdw Invoice 1652 Isbn 9781305652644 Lccn 2015960923 Ocr tesseract 5.3.0-3-g9920 Ocr_detected_lang en Ocr_detected_lang_conf 1.0000 Ocr_detected_script Latin Ocr_detected_script_conf 0.9876 Ocr_module_version 0.0.20 Ocr_parameters -l eng Old_pallet IA-NS-0001602 Openlibrary_edition OL27890398M Openlibrary_work OL20630712W Page-progression lr Page_number_confidence 23 Page_number_module_version 1.0.5 Pages 682 Pdf_module_version 0.0.22 Ppi 601 Rcs_key 24143 Republisher_date 20230316000513 Republisher_operator associate-hena-dalida@archive.org Republisher_time 567 Scandate 20230309004152 Scanner station02.cebu.archive.org Scanningcenter cebu Scribe3_search_catalog bwb Scribe3_search_id P7-DSB-159 Source removed Tts_version 5.5-initial-237-gc5cdb0bc Show More Show Less Full catalog record MARCXML plus-circle Add Review comment Reviews 0 Views 4 Favorites Purchase options Better World Books DOWNLOAD OPTIONS No suitable files to display here. 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Wind's Energy 116 Global Pressure Systems 117 A Model of Global Pressure Belts 117 Seasonal Pressure Differences … but also on a global one. A great concern today is how human-induced changes in global climates will … Differences 118 Global Wind Systems 120 A Model of Atmospheric Circulation 120 Winds in Latitudinal Zones Physical geography : Petersen, James F : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Skip to main content Keep the news in the Wayback Machine. Sign Fight for the Future's letter . "Donate to the archive" Sign up | Log in Upload Internet Archive Audio Live Music Archive Librivox Free Audio Featured All Audio Grateful Dead Netlabels Old Time Radio 78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings Top Audio Books & Poetry Computers, Technology and Science Music, Arts & Culture News & Public Affairs Spirituality & Religion Podcasts Radio News Archive Images Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art Featured All Images Flickr Commons Occupy Wall Street Flickr Cover Art USGS Maps Top NASA Images Solar System Collection Ames Research Center Software Internet Arcade Console Living Room Featured All Software Old School Emulation MS-DOS Games Historical Software Classic PC Games Software Library Top Kodi Archive and Support File Vintage Software APK MS-DOS CD-ROM Software CD-ROM Software Library Software Sites Tucows Software Library Shareware CD-ROMs Software Capsules Compilation CD-ROM Images ZX Spectrum DOOM Level CD Texts Open Library American Libraries Featured All Texts Smithsonian Libraries FEDLINK (US) Genealogy Lincoln Collection Top American Libraries Canadian Libraries Universal Library Project Gutenberg Children's Library Biodiversity Heritage Library Books by Language Folkscanomy Government Documents Video TV News Understanding 9/11 Featured All Video Prelinger Archives Democracy Now! Occupy Wall Street TV NSA Clip Library Top Animation & Cartoons Arts & Music Computers & Technology Cultural & Academic Films Ephemeral Films Movies News & Public Affairs Spirituality & Religion Sports Videos Television Videogame Videos Vlogs Youth Media Search the history of more than 1 trillion web pages . Search the Wayback Machine Mobile Apps Wayback Machine (iOS) Wayback Machine (Android) Browser Extensions Chrome Firefox Safari Edge Archive-It Subscription Explore the Collections Learn More Build Collections Save Page Now Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Enter a URL to save Please enter a valid web address About Blog Events Projects Help Donate Contact Jobs Volunteer About Blog Events Projects Help Donate Contact Jobs Volunteer Physical geography Bookreader Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Reddit Share to Tumblr Share to Pinterest Share via email Copy Link EMBED EMBED (for Archive.org item Description fields) [archiveorg physicalgeograph0000pete_h3m7 width=560 height=384 frameborder=0 webkitallowfullscreen=true mozallowfullscreen=true] Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help ! Favorite Share Flag Flag this item for Graphic Violence Explicit Sexual Content Hate Speech Misinformation/Disinformation Marketing/Phishing/Advertising Misleading/Inaccurate/Missing Metadata texts Physical geography by Petersen, James F Publication date 2012 Publisher Belmont, CA : Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning Collection internetarchivebooks ; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 3.3G xxiv, 646 p. : 29 cm Previous ed. : Essentials of physical geography Includes bibliographical references and index Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2024-02-13 22:54:40 Associated-names Sack, Dorothy Irene, 1955-; Gabler, Robert E; Gabler, Robert E. 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