10 - COVID-19 pandemic: The United States and Saudi Arabia approve Tozinameran for emergency use, while Argentina approves Sputnik V.[323][324][325] - Israel and Morocco normalise diplomatic relations and the United States supports recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara and announces plans to build a consulate there.[326] - The corruption trial of former President of France Nicolas Sarkozy ends in Paris.[327] - December 11 – The European Union agrees to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% over the next decade.[328] - December 12 - Iran executes Telegram journalist Ruhollah Zam, aged 42, over treason-related charges over his activism during the 2017–2018 Iranian protests.[329] - COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 70 million worldwide.[330] - Bhutan and Israel normalise diplomatic relations.[331] - December 13 – Incumbent Prime Minister of Eswatini Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini dies from COVID-19, aged 52.[332] - December 14 - COVID-19 pandemic: The United States and Canada begin mass vaccination with Tozinameran.[333][334] - The United States removes Sudan from its list of state sponsors of terrorism.[335] - The Geospatial World also called 2020 "the worst year in terms of climate change" in part due to major climate disasters worldwide, including major bushfires in Australia and the western United States, as well as extreme tropical cyclone activity affecting large parts of North America. A United Nations progress report published in December 2020 indicated that none of the international Sustainable Development Goals for 2020 were achieved. The year also saw the rise of social protests and activism amidst the ongoing pandemic. The murder of George Floyd was widely condemned and lead to worldwide protests and unrest that lasted until 2023. The government of Nepal announces that Mount Everest will be closed to climbers and the public for the rest of the season due to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic in Asia. March 16 – The DJIA falls by 2,997.10, the single largest point drop in history and the second-largest percentage drop ever at 12.93%, an even greater crash than Black Monday (1929). This follows the U.S. Federal Reserve announcing that it will cut its target interest rate to 0–0.25%. March 17 COVID-19 pandemic: The European Union's external and Schengen borders are closed for at least 30 days in an effort to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. The Euro 2020 and 2020 Copa América association football tournaments are postponed until the summer of 2021 by UEFA and CONMEBOL, respectively. March 18 COVID-19 pandemic: The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 is cancelled due to the spread of COVID-19 in Europe, the first cancellation in the contest's 64-year history. The Solidarity Trial, a WHO-sponsored clinical trial dedicated to finding a cure against COVID-19, is announced. March 20 COVID-19 pandemic: The worldwide death toll from COVID-19 surpasses 10,000 as the total number of cases reaches a quarter of a million. The Bhadla Solar Park is commissioned and becomes the world's largest solar park. SpaceX successfully launches and deploys 60 Starlink satellites into a low Earth orbit from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, bringing the total number of Starlink satellites in orbit to 482. Russian President Vladimir Putin declares a state of emergency after 20,000 tons of oil leaked into the Ambarnaya River near the Siberian city of Norilsk within the Arctic Circle on May 26, 2020. The World Wildlife Fund said the accident is believed to be the second-largest in modern Russian history. Seven days later, the largest political march in Belarusian history takes place, with an estimated 300,000 people in Minsk and 200,000 in other Belarusian cities and towns. August 10 An intense derecho kills 4 and brings widespread damaging wind to much of the Midwestern United States in what becomes the costliest thunderstorm event in US history. COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 20 million worldwide. August 28 – Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, the longest-serving prime minister in the history of Japan, announces his resignation from office, citing ill health. August 30 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 25 million worldwide. India continues to record the highest daily increase of cases. === September === However, the statement says that on "territorial sovereignty" they "take no position". COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 30 million worldwide. September 19 – A 1634 edition of The Two Noble Kinsmen, the last play by English playwright William Shakespeare, is discovered at the Royal Scots College's library in Salamanca, Spain. It is believed to be the oldest copy of any of his works in the country. Western Sahara conflict: fighting erupts between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic when Moroccan forces launch a military operation to capture the town of Guerguerat, located in a UN-monitored buffer zone. November 15 The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is signed by 15 Asia-Pacific countries to form the world's largest free-trade bloc, covering a third of the world's population. NASA and SpaceX launch the SpaceX Crew-1 mission from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A to the ISS, the first operational flight of the Crew Dragon capsule. Western Sahara conflict, Arab–Israeli conflict: Israel and Morocco normalise diplomatic relations. Simultaneously, the United States reaffirms its previous recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the Western Sahara and announces plans to build a consulate there. The Nicolas Sarkozy corruption trial concludes in France. December 11 – The European Union agrees to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% over the next decade. December 12 COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 70 million worldwide. Bhutan and Israel normalise diplomatic relations.

the disputed territory of Western Sahara, t Region partly situated in the disputed territory … Republic of Korea’s claim to sovereignty over the disputed islets. Differences over the accord … October. SOVEREIGNTY Kuwait is an independent sovereign Arab State; its sovereignty may not Occupy Wall Street TV NSA Clip Library Top Animation & Cartoons Arts & Music Computers & Technology Cultural & Academic Films Ephemeral Films Movies News & Public Affairs Spirituality & Religion Sports Videos Television Videogame Videos Vlogs Youth Media Search the history of more than 1 trillion web pages . Search the Wayback Machine Mobile Apps Wayback Machine (iOS) Wayback Machine (Android) Browser Extensions Chrome Firefox Safari Edge Archive-It Subscription Explore the Collections Learn More Build Collections Save Page Now Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Favorite Share Flag Flag this item for Graphic Violence Explicit Sexual Content Hate Speech Misinformation/Disinformation Marketing/Phishing/Advertising Misleading/Inaccurate/Missing Metadata texts The Europa world year book Publication date 1989 Topics International agencies -- Periodicals , World politics -- 1989- -- Periodicals , Economic history -- 1945- -- Periodicals , Economic history , International agencies , World politics Publisher London : Europa Publications Collection internetarchivebooks ; inlibrary ; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Volume 2 Item Size 8.8G volumes ; 29 cm Formerly: The Europa year book : a world survey 2006: 47th ed., 2007: 48th ed., 2008: 49th ed., 2009: 50th ed., 2010: 51st ed., 2011: 52nd ed., 2012: 53rd ed., 2013: 54th ed., 2014: 55th ed., 2015: 56th ed Publisher varies: Routledge Vol.

000 sq. m. of the western Sahara were recognized as Spanish. The same agreement settled a long-standing dispute between Spain and France as to the ownership The most striking feature is the existence of two great lines of depression, due largely to the subsidence of whole segments of the earth’s crust, the lowest parts of which are occupied by vast lakes Towards the south the two lines converge and give place to one great valley (occupied by Lake Nyasa), the southern part of which is less distinctly due to rifting and subsidence than the rest of the system. Farther north the western depression, sometimes known as the Central African trough or Albertine rift-valley, is occupied for more than half its length by water, forming the four lakes of Tanganyika, Kivu, Albert Edward and Albert, the first-named over 400 m. The most important climatic differences are due to variations in the amount of rainfall. The wide heated plains of the Sahara, and in a lesser degree the corresponding zone of the Kalahari in the south, have an exceedingly scanty rainfall, the winds which blow over them from the ocean losing part of their moisture as they pass over the outer highlands, and becoming constantly drier owing to the heating effects of the burning soil of the interior; while the scarcity of mountain ranges in the more central parts likewise tends to prevent condensation. In the inter-tropical zone of summer precipitation, the rainfall is greatest when the sun is vertical or soon after.       } {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}} Igneous complex of  sheared igneous  rocks;granites. How far the Karroo formation extended beyond its present confines has not been determined. To the east it reached India. In the south all that can be said is that it extended to the south of Worcester in Cape Colony. The Crystal Mountains of Angola may represent its western boundary; while the absence of mesozoic strata beneath the Cretaceous rocks of the mid-Sahara indicates that the system of Karroo lakeland had here reached its most northerly extension. Though the racial affinities of the Hottentots have been disputed, the most satisfactory view on the whole is that they represent a blend of Bushman, Negroid and Hamitic elements. Practically the rest of Africa, from the southern fringe of the Sahara and the upper valley of the Nile to the Cape, with the exception of Abyssinia and Galla and Somali-lands, is peopled by Negroes and the “transitional” tribes to which their admixture with Libyans on the north, and Semites (Arabs) and Hamites on the north-east and east, has given rise. The valley of the lower Nile was the home in remotest antiquity of a civilized race. Egyptian culture had, however, remarkably little direct influence on the rest of the continent, a result due in large measure to the fact that Egypt is shut off landwards by immense deserts. If ancient Egypt and Ethiopia ( q.v. ) be excluded, Phoenician and Greek colonization. the story of Africa is largely a record of the doings of its Asiatic and European conquerors and colonizers, Abyssinia being the only state which throughout historic times has maintained its independence. That city had been reached in 1352 by the great Arab traveller Ibn Batuta, to whose journey to Mombasa and Quiloa (Kilwa) was due the first accurate knowledge of those flourishing Moslem cities on the east African sea-boards. Except along this sea-board, which was colonized directly from Asia, Arab progress southward was stopped by the broad belt of dense forest which, stretching almost across the continent somewhat south of 10° N., barred their advance as effectually as had the Sahara that of their predecessors, and cut them off from knowledge of the Guinea coast and of all Africa beyond. By his award, delivered in June 1905, the western limit of the British sphere runs from the northern frontier of German South-West Africa up the Kwando river to 22° E., follows that meridian north to 13° S., then runs due east to 24° E., and then north again to the frontier of the Congo State. Before the conclusion of the treaty of June 1891 with Portugal, the British government had made certain arrangements for the administration of the large area north of the Zambezi reserved to British influence. longitude, and its extension towards the interior laid down for a short distance. A curious feature in the history of its prolongation was the establishment in 1888 of a neutral zone wherein neither power was to seek to acquire protectorates nor exclusive influence. It was not until Social and Economic Conditions The eagerness with which the nations of western Europe partitioned Africa between them was due, as has been seen, more to the necessities of commerce than to mere land hunger. Yet, except in the north and south temperate regions, the commercial intercourse of the continent with the rest of the world had been until the closing years of the 19th century of insignificant proportions. In addition to slaves, furnished by the continent from the earliest times, a certain amount of gold and ivory was exported from the tropical regions, but no other product supplied the material for a flourishing trade with those parts. (1908); Idem, Records of South-Eastern Africa , 9 vols., 1898–1903; Lady Lugard, A Tropical Dependency: Outline of the History of the Western Sudan , &c. (1905); Sir F. Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty , 3 vols. (3rd ed., 1909); J . S. Keltie, The Partition of Africa , 2nd ed. (1895); F. Van Ortroy, Conventions internationales définissant les limites . . . en Afrique (Brussels, 1898); General Act of the Conference of Berlin , 1885; The Surveys and Explorations of British Africa (Colonial Reports, No. 500) (1906), and annual reports thereafter; Sir F. D. Lugard, The Rise of our East African Empire , 2 vols. (1893); E. Petit, Les colonies françaises , 2 vols. (Paris, 1902–1904); E.

France laying claim to the Sahara and the western Sudan. Consequently, on the maps, the whole of northwest Africa, from Tunis to the Congo, is claimed