Published as an Atmospheric Science Paper March 31, 2005 and November 5, 1993 on title page. The Southern Oscillation has been shown in previous research to cause changes in the weather patterns over the continental United States. These changes, caused by either the warm El Nino or cold La Nina, could potentially effect numbers, locations, and strengths of tornadoes in the United States. Using a variation of the Southern Oscillation Index, the seven strongest El Nino and five strongest La Nina events during the period 1953-1989 were examined to see what effect, if any, that they would have on:

This study examines the influence of large-scale climatic phenomena-sunspot activity (SSN) and the El Niño-Southern oscillation (ENSO), represented by the Southern oscillation index (SOI) on precipitation, temperature, and dew point patterns in Gilan province, Iran. Using wavelet signal analysis, including continuous wavelet transforms (CWT), cross-wavelet transforms (XWT), wavelet coherence (WTC), and time-lag correlation analysis (TLCA), the research investigates temporal and frequency-domain relationships between these factors and regional climatic variables. A 73-year dataset (1951-2023) reveals cyclical patterns in SSN and SOI, correlating with significant 10-year periodicities in precipitation trends. The study further reveals ENSO and SSN's influence on long-term temperature and dew point fluctuations. While sunspot activity and ENSO both modulate climate variability, the study's scope is limited to Gilan province and excludes other atmospheric drivers or anthropogenic influences, which may also affect local hydrology. The findings suggest integrating solar and climatic indices into predictive models could improve long-term climate forecasts, supporting water resource management in this climate-sensitive region. This research provides novel insights for policymakers to address water-related challenges amid climatic variability by applying advanced wavelet methods to analyze multi-decadal interactions.

The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) consists of a convective region that propagates eastward in the tropics on repeat every 30-90 days with peak amplitude during the Boreal Winter (November - March). Since the MJO modulates extreme weather such as tropical cyclones, atmospheric rivers, and monsoon variability, future MJO changes in a warmer climate have implications for prediction of extreme events. Understanding precipitation pattern changes in a changing climate is critical for fresh-water resources and societal planning for oceanic regions. Decadal variability in the climate system causes p

Abstract Spatiotemporal changes in six precipitation and five temperature extreme indices of Bangladesh and their linkage with nine ocean-atmospheric oscillation indices have been evaluated in this study to provide necessary information for adaptation planning and development of early warning systems. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation for the period 1980–2017 recorded at 20 stations, homogeneously distributed over the country, were employed for this purpose. Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test was used to evaluate trends in weather extremes, and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was employed to anticipate the possible continuation of existing trends in the future. The cross-wavelet transform (CWT) was used to evaluate the linkage of weather extremes with oscillation indices in the time-frequency domain. The results indicate an increase in hot extremes and a decrease in cool indices in Bangladesh. An increase in the continuous dry day (CDD) and one-day maximum precipitation (RX1day) was also observed, indicating gradual drying and more susceptibility to flash floods at the same time. DFA revealed the possible continuation of existing trends in temperature and precipitation indices. Almost all the climatic extreme indices of Bangladesh were found to follow periodic cycles with different frequencies. The hot extremes were significantly associated with five out of nine oscillation indices, including Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), Arctic Oscillatio

contributed to atmospheric changes, such as climate change (mainly through deforestation and fossil-fuel–related global warming), ozone depletion and acid deposition The atmosphere of Earth consists of a layer of mixed gas (commonly referred to as air) that is retained by gravity, surrounding the Earth's surface. It contains variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates that create weather features such as clouds and hazes. The atmosphere serves as a protective buffer between the Earth's surface and outer space. It shields the surface from most me Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles. The axial tilt of the planet means the location of maximum heat is continually changing, resulting in seasonal variations. The uneven distribution of land and water further breaks up the flow of air. The flow of air around the planet is divided into three main convection cells by latitude. Around the equator, the Hadley cell is driven by the rising flow of air along the equator. In the upper atmosphere, this air flows toward the poles. At mid latitudes, this circulation is reversed, with ground air flowing toward the poles with the Ferrel cell. Finally, in the high latitudes is the Polar cell, where air again rises and flows toward the poles. The interface between these cells is responsible for jet streams. These are narrow, fast moving bands that flow from west to east and typically form at an elevation of around 9,100 m (30,000 ft). Jet streams can shift around depending on conditions. They are strongest in winter, when the boundaries between hot and cold air are the most pronounced. In the middle latitudes, it is instabilities in the jet streams that are responsible for moving weather systems. As with the oceans, the Earth's atmosphere is subject to waves and tidal forces. These are triggered by non-uniform heating by the Sun, and by the daily solar cycle, respectively. Wave-like behavior can occur on a variety of scales, from smaller gravity waves that transfer momentum into the higher atmospheric layers, to much larger planetary waves, or Rossby waves. Atmospheric tides are periodic oscillations of the troposphere and stratosphere that transport energy to the upper atmosphere.

Abstract A feed‐back relationship, at least in the statistical mean, between Atlantic sea surface temperatures on the one hand and monthly atmospheric circulation anomalies on the other hand, is demonstrated for the north‐east Atlantic and western Europe. The key area in the Atlantic is a wide area south of Newfoundland; colder than usual ocean surfaces in this area are shown to be associated with blocked atmospheric patterns the following month over northern and western Europe while a warmer than usual ocean in the same general area favours more progressive synoptic types to follow. Month to month changes in this general relationship are described in some detail and the application to long‐range forecasting in the British Isles is discussed. One other pattern of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomaly is also described and associated with atmospheric circulation patterns to follow. Possible inter‐relationship between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in respect of the effects of ocean surface temperatures on circulation patterns is also briefly considered.