Water moves throughout plants primarily via the cohesion-tension mechanism in the xylem
Extensive physiological and biophysical evidence supports the cohesion-tension mechanism as the primary driver of water movement through the xylem in vascular plants.
The retrieved literature overwhelmingly supports the classic cohesion-tension mechanism for xylem water transport. Multiple studies directly test, utilize, or build upon this theory, examining associated phenomena like negative pressures, sap tension, surfactant stabilization of nanobubbles, and embolism resistance. There are no papers refuting the core mechanism itself.
Chunfang Wei, Melvin T. Tyree, Ernst Steudle. Direct Measurement of Xylem Pressure in Leaves of Intact Maize Plants. A Test of the Cohesion-Tension Theory Taking Hydraulic Architecture into Consideration. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.121.4.1191
Experiments on intact maize plants yielded measurements consistent with the cohesion-tension theory of xylem water transport.
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H. J. Schenk, S. Espino, D. M. Romo, Neda Nima, Aissa Do, Joseph M Michaud, B. Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg, Jinlong Yang, Yi Y. Zuo, K. Steppe, S. Jansen. Xylem Surfactants Introduce a New Element to the Cohesion-Tension Theory1[OPEN]. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.01039
Investigates how lipid-based xylem surfactants help support water transport under negative pressure as explained by the cohesion-tension theory.
Edward Sucoff. Freezing of Conifer Xylem and the Cohesion‐Tension Theory. 1969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1969.tb07394.x
Reconciles the presence of air bubbles in conifer xylem during freezing with the continued validity of the cohesion-tension theory.
Johnson DM, Katul G, Domec JC. Catastrophic hydraulic failure and tipping points in plants.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.14327
Describes plant water movement as a continuous chain from soil to leaf evaporation governed by xylem tension and subject to hydraulic failure.
Stephen Ingram, Yann Salmon, Anna Lintunen, Teemu Hölttä, Timo Vesala, Hanna Vehkamäki. Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.732701
Examines how glycolipid and phospholipid surfactants stabilize nanobubbles within xylem sap under negative pressure.
Raven JA. Evolution and palaeophysiology of the vascular system and other means of long-distance transport.. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0497
Notes that embryophytes utilize mass flow of aqueous solution through the xylem under tension for long-distance transport.
Zambonini D, Savi T, Rosner S, Petit G. Consistent decrease in conifer embolism resistance from the stem apex to base resulting from axial trends in tracheid and pit traits.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1414448
Analyzes drought-induced embolism formation and hydraulic traits along conifer stems under tension-based transport.
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