Viruses are self-propelled entities
Viruses are not self-propelled entities; instead, they completely depend on host cell machinery, cytoskeletal networks, and hijacked cellular pathways to facilitate their transport and replication.
The retrieved papers uniformly establish that viruses do not possess intrinsic self-propulsion. Instead, they rely heavily on host cellular machinery—such as microtubules, the endoplasmic reticulum, and host actin networks (e.g., Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization)—to move internally and spread between cells. Therefore, the claim that viruses are self-propelled is refuted.
Dan Dou, Rebecca Revol, Henrik Östbye, Hao Wang, Robert Daniels. Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement.. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581
Influenza viruses rely entirely on host cellular mechanisms and internal networks to coordinate the transport of their components in and out of the cell.
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Geoffrey L Smith, Brendan J Murphy, Mansun Law. Vaccinia virus motility.. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.091037
Vaccinia virus depends on host microtubules and actin polymerization rather than self-generated propulsion for its intracellular movement.
Edith Gouin, Matthew D Welch, Pascale Cossart. Actin-based motility of intracellular pathogens.. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.013
Viruses such as vaccinia exploit host actin cytoskeletons and the Arp2/3 complex to facilitate movement rather than propelling themselves independently.
Lenka Horníková, Kateřina Bruštíková, Sandra Huérfano, Jitka Forstová. Nuclear Cytoskeleton in Virus Infection.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010578
Viruses rely on host nuclear cytoskeleton and cellular kinases for trafficking and nuclear egress.
Ekaterina A Lazareva, Alexander A Lezzhov, Sergey A Golyshev, Sergey Y Morozov, Manfred Heinlein, Andrey G Solovyev. Similarities in intracellular transport of plant viral movement proteins BMB2 and TGB3.. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000914
Plant viral movement proteins exploit the host ER-actin network for intracellular transport rather than driving themselves.
M B Goldberg. Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens.. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001
Microbial pathogens utilize preexisting mammalian pathways of actin rearrangement to induce movement rather than intrinsic propulsion.
N Bishara Marzook, Timothy P Newsome. Viruses That Exploit Actin-Based Motility for Their Replication and Spread.. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_41
Viruses depend entirely on host cells and manipulate the host actin network for their replication and spread.
Matthew D Welch, Michael Way. Arp2/3-mediated actin-based motility: a tail of pathogen abuse.. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.08.011
Viruses evolve strategies to harness host actin polymerization rather than possessing intrinsic self-propulsion machinery.
S Cudmore, P Cossart, G Griffiths, M Way. Actin-based motility of vaccinia virus.. 1995. https://doi.org/10.1038/378636a0
Vaccinia virus induces host actin tails to be propelled by host cellular machinery rather than intrinsic movement.
Timothy P Newsome, N Bishara Marzook. Viruses that ride on the coat-tails of actin nucleation.. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.008
Viral pathogens recruit and activate cellular actin nucleators to provide the mechanical force needed for transport.
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