condition of the stomach as regards its blood -supply, the tongue beg pale from anemia when the stomach is anemic, red from congestion when the stomach is In one species of ardent fever the tongue is stated to be rough, dry and 'saltish,' in another rough, dry and very black. A young woman who had an attack of acute fever, of which she recovered, is represented as having a tongue which was 'sooty' and dry. The blackness of the tongue is of interest taken together with what  ​ we know of the black tongue of typhus. In a case of quinsy the tongue is described as red and parched. For dryness and roughness of the tongue, with which he is evidently very familiar, he recommends the local application among other things of oil of roses and honey, and advises that the patient should lie on his side rather than on his back, and should keep his month shut, because 'keeping it open allows the moisture to dry up.' Paulus has here anticipated some later writers, though, unlike them, he has not inferred too much from his observation. He describes inflammation of the liver in a manner which clearly indicates abscess, and says that the tongue with this is at first red, and afterwards black.  ​ Rhases, in the tenth century, describes the blackness of the tongue which occurs with plague, a concomitant of the disease which has since been often noticed. Dryness and blackness of the tongue, together with unquenchable thirst, were witnessed by Dr. Mason Good in his 'Study of Medicine' presents, with much learning and amplitude, the state of medical knowledge in the year 1822. He describes the tongue of scarlatina as red with elongated papilla, and in the more severe forms as covered with a black chappy crust. In typhus the tongue is first whitish, then dry, livid and black, while the teeth are covered with black tenacious sordes. With yellow fever the tongue is at first white tinged with yellow, then black. Thrush is described as belonging to hectic: the aphthæ in dysenteric fever in particular foreshowing imminent death. Marshall Hall, in the year 1835, in the 'Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine,' treated of the tongue in relation to symptomatology. He gives without explanation the empirical knowledge or beliefs of his time, associating the white and loaded tongue with  ​ acute synochus; the dry brown or black tongue, the mouth being also dry, with typhus; a loaded tongue, of which the load peels off, leaving a red smooth surface, with acute dyspepsia; a furred dry tongue, with local irritation, or inflammation. Billing, ' affords evidence of the state of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, with which it is continuous. He speaks of the tongue as naturally white before food, red after, and attributes the difference to the participation of the tongue in the condition of the stomach as regards its blood-supply, the tongue beg pale from anemia when the stomach is anemic, red from congestion when the stomach is congested. In febrile diseases,  ​ such as early pleurisy, the tongue is pale from anorexia. The tongue pale from this cause docs not call for purgatives. The tongue is red when the membrane of the primæ viæ is congested, as with dysentery, tuberculous ulceration, and typhoid. Wilhams, in his well-known 'Principles and Practice of Medicine' (3rd edit. 1856), describes the tongue as influenced by causes which act through the system, and so made red, furred, brown, dry, etc. More wise in his generation than some who have preceded him and some who have followed, he says that 'the connection between febrile and other diseases, and the appearances which they produce on the tongue, is not well understood; but the appear ​ ances probably depend on changes induced in the secretion of the mucous membrane and adjoining parts. He considers that the increased production of epithelium which causes the ‘fur,’ is due to hyperemia dependent either on the general condition of the patient or upon direct or reflex irritation; on the other hand, there are serious conditions, one of which, as we are subsequently told, is long-continued pyrexia, in which the development of epithelium is prevented, so that the tongue becomes red or raw. Dr. Roberts attributes much direct influence to the hervous system in the furring of the tongue, and points to the thickly-coated tongue of apoplexy, to the unilateral furring of neuraleia, and to the furred tongue of migraine. Finally, Dr. Roberts collects the empirical knowledge which associates certain diseases and conditions with certain states of tongue. In typhoid he tells us the papillw are enlarged, and there is a whitish or yellowish ‘fur,’ or possibly the tongue is red, smooth, and glazed, and refers to the belief that if this is tremulous the bowels are deeply ulcerated, With acute rheumatism there is a thick creamy ‘fur’; much the same in attacks of gout, in which the tongue is apt to be also brownish. With acute  ​ dyspepsia, catarrh of the alimentary canal, and hepatic disorders, the tongue speedily becomes furred ; with chronic dyspepsia it is thinly coated or clean and raw- looking; with habitual constipation it is large and furred; in acute gastritis it is red, with a tendency to dryness; in chronic dysentery, red, glazed and fissured. Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson,’ from whom no one can differ without apprehension, accepts Mr. Butlin’s description of If the tongue is dry we inquire whether the nostrils are stopped, and if it is sore we must examine the teeth, and ascertain whether from sharp broken points, from stopping with amalgam, or accumulation of tartar, any possible source of irritation exists. 'If we have failed to discover in the mouth any cause for disease on the surface of the tongue, we must still hesitate as to suspicion of visceral or blood disorder, and ask whether it be not possible that some irritant may have been introduced in the way of food. There are many fallacies in this direction.