There are universal cross-linguistic constraints on adjective sequencing
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Retrieved literature indicates that cross-linguistic adjective ordering restrictions and constraints exist across many languages, reflecting systematic patterns in adjective sequencing.
e closest to the head noun, and the adjective that specifies the subset is further away from the head noun. This universal constraint at the syntax-semantic interface is known as the Recursive Set Subset Ordering Constraint ( Foucault, 2020 ; Foucault et al., 2021 , 2022a ; Bleotu and Roeper, 2021a , 2021b , 2022a , 2022b ), as defined in (3), and it constitutes the focus of the current study:
(3) The Recursive Set-Subset Ordering Constraint (RSSO): In a context requiring identifying a subset within a set, the adjective specifying the set is merged to the noun first, with the subset adjective merged subsequently.
In addition to the Recursive Set Subset Ordering Constraint (RSSO) on adjectives, there is also an Adjective Ordering Restriction (AOR) on the linear sequence of adjectives in language, associated with coordinative (non-set-subset) uses of adjectives, as in big red flowers understood as ‘big and red flowers’. Across many languages in the world, it has been argued that more objective properties, such as color, appear closer to the noun, whereas more subjective properties, such as size, appear further away from the noun ( Dixon, 1982 ; Sproat and Shih, 1991 ; Scontras et al., 2017 , 2019 ). This is illustrated in (4):
(4) QUALITY > SIZE> SHAPE > COLOR > PROVENANCE ( Sproat and Shih, 1991 )
AORs have given rise to debates regarding their status (universal vs. language-specific property) and their nature (syntactic/semantic/cognitive). According to Cinque’s (1994 , 2005 , 2023) cartographic approach, AORs are syntactic universals subject to crosslinguistic variation. Apart from the fact that adjectives vary in how they are ordered with respect to the noun (prenominal vs. postnominal), adjectives also vary in how they are ordered with respect to one another. For instance, in a Germanic language like English, where adjectives are prenominal, the most natural order for a sequence of adjectives involving a Size adjective and a Color adjective is A Size