Non-classical logical systems, such as intuitionistic logic, quantum logic, and certain paraconsistent or partial frameworks, explicitly reject or do not require the law of the excluded middle.
The claim is a well-established fact in mathematical logic and philosophy: non-classical logics (such as intuitionistic logic and quantum logic) deliberately drop or reject the law of the excluded middle. Papers [2], [5], [8], and [11] provide direct theoretical support demonstrating that alternative logics exist and operate without this principle.