The time until a drug reaches steady-state is calculated using its elimination half-life
Pharmacokinetic principles establish that the time required for a drug to reach steady-state is determined by its elimination half-life, typically taking about four to five half-lives to achieve.
The retrieved papers consistently state that the time required to reach steady-state is calculated using the drug's elimination half-life (often approximated as roughly 5 times the half-life). While some papers discuss complications like extended-release formulations or operational/functional half-lives, the foundational principle relating half-life to steady-state calculation remains fully supported.
K. Ikawa, J. Tanaka. Introduction to Pharmacokinetic Analysis—Focus on Phase I Study—. 2015. https://doi.org/10.5691/jjb.36.s3
Paper 3 states that steady state is generally considered to be reached at a time equal to five times the elimination half-life of a drug.
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Andreas Krause, Dominik Lott, Jasper Dingemanse. Estimation of Attainment of Steady-State Conditions for Compounds With a Long Half-Life.. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1701
Paper 4 notes that the time to attainment of steady-state conditions is generally derived from the terminal half-life.
T R Browne. Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs.. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.51.5_suppl_4.s2
Paper 5 explains that determination of the elimination half-life provides a basis for predicting the time to steady-state concentration.
Klaus Pietrzik, Yvonne Lamers, Susanne Brämswig, Reinhild Prinz-Langenohl. Calculation of red blood cell folate steady state conditions and elimination kinetics after daily supplementation with various folate forms and doses in women of childbearing age.. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1414
Paper 11 demonstrates the application of pharmacokinetic principles where steady-state conditions and accumulation are calculated based on the biological half-life.
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