The static modulus is greater than the dynamic modulus in limestone.
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REFUTED
the evidence says no
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Scientific literature demonstrates that the dynamic modulus of limestone is typically higher than its static modulus, directly contradicting the claim.
Abstract The determination of static elastic modulus in the laboratory requires rock core extraction and the subsequent testing of the samples by means of standardised uniaxial compressive strength tests. However, this destructive procedure is not always suitable – as in the case of protected historic buildings. In these cases, the static elastic modulus can be obtained from the dynamic elastic modulus, in turn derived from the velocity of ultrasonic waves (a non-invasive and non-destructive test). The relationship between both the dynamic and static moduli of rocks has been extensively addressed in the scientific literature. Furthermore, several researchers have separately studied the evolution of static or dynamic elastic moduli of rocks exposed to high temperatures – although few studies have compared both values. It is well known that the dynamic modulus is generally higher than the static modulus, and the values diverge especially in rocks with a low modulus of elasticity. These differences can be mainly explained by the effect of porosity and the size of cracks in the determination of both parameters. In this research, the relationship between static and dynamic moduli for ‘Borriol’ limestone is studied for samples previously subjected to 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C and then cooled slowly (in air) or quickly (immersed in water). The results show that the static modulus of samples heated up to 600 °C decreased 80.9 and 79.1 % and dynamic modulus decreased 62.5 and 64.8 % fo
Accurate static elastic properties are essential for reliable geomechanical modeling. However, dynamic log measurements are often compromised by the ‘gas effect’, which lowers dynamic moduli and introduces uncertainty. This study evaluates the true impact of fluid saturation on both static and dynamic elastic properties, using matched dry and mineral oil saturated sample pairs from five representative lithologies (Indiana Limestone, Austin Chalk, Berea Sandstone, Berea Buff Sandstone and Nugget Sandstone). Experimental procedures included cycled triaxial compression tests and ultrasonic velocity measurements. Results show a clear frequency-dependent divergence, with dynamic Young's modulus averaging 1.83 (dry) to 1.97 (saturated) times greater than its static counterpart. Critically, static Young’s modulus and peak strength exhibited negligible variation (less than 1.2%) between dry and saturated conditions using mineral oil, confirming that fluid saturation does not affect the intrinsic static properties of the rock. The Gassmann model’s assumption of fluid-independence for the shear modulus held for most lithologies (difference below 3%), supporting its routine application for log-to-core fluid substitutions. However, caution is advised for formations with complex mineralogy with Berea Sandstone showing a significant Gassmann error of –11.6%, and Austin Chalk of –5.1%. These findings provide the first direct experimental evidence that the apparent 'gas effect' is dynamic an
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