The resting human body consumes a measurable and constant basal power
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Peer-reviewed literature documents that the resting human body exhibits a measurable basal metabolic rate and continuous basal power output or energy expenditure.
Green tea catechins (GTCs) are known to improve fat oxidation (FOX) during fasted, rested and exercise conditions wherein epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is thought to be the most pharmacologically active and has been studied extensively. From the available data of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on EGCG, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate whether EGCG consumption indeed increase energy expenditure (EE) and promote FOX. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, JICST, JSTPLUS, and JMEDPLUS and others) and eight RCTs were included. RCTs were reviewed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and methodological quality was assessed. After data extraction, results were aggregated using fixed- and random-effect approaches and expressed to quantify the relationship between the dose of EGCG for respiratory quotient (RQ), EE and rate of FOX to compare the EGCG and placebo treatments. The meta-analysis results of verities of studies in terms of dose and length of duration revealed that EGCG supplementation provided significant mean difference (MD) when compared with placebo for RQ [MD: -0.02; 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), -0.04 to 0.00; I<sup>2</sup>=67%; P=.01] and EE [MD: 158.05 kJ/day; 95% CI, 4.72 to 311.38; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; P=.04] in fixed-effect approach. Changes in FOX did not reach the level of statistical significance. Meta-analyses of EGCG influence on the body mass index, waist circumference and total body fat mass (TBFM) were also examined and their impact on the promotion of FOX is reported. Effect of EGCG doses was also systematically reviewed. Finding showed that EGCG intake moderately accelerates EE and reduces RQ. The analyses revealed that the EGCG resulted in difference in RQ and EE but the effect on the other measures of energy metabolism was relatively mild. Possibly, EGCG alone has the potential to increase metabolic rate at 300 mg dose. Collectively, the outcome supports the findings that EGCG has an effect on metabolic parameters. However, the large prospective trials are needed to confirm the findings.
Understanding the complex factors influencing mammalian metabolism and body weight homeostasis is a long-standing challenge requiring knowledge of energy intake, absorption and expenditure. Using measurements of respiratory gas exchange, indirect calorimetry can provide non-invasive estimates of whole-body energy expenditure. However, inconsistent measurement units and flawed data normalization methods have slowed progress in this field. This guide aims to establish consensus standards to unify indirect calorimetry experiments and their analysis for more consistent, meaningful and reproducible results. By establishing community-driven standards, we hope to facilitate data comparison across research datasets. This advance will allow the creation of an in-depth, machine-readable data repository built on shared standards. This overdue initiative stands to markedly improve the accuracy and depth of efforts to interrogate mammalian metabolism. Data sharing according to established best practices will also accelerate the translation of basic findings into clinical applications for metabolic diseases afflicting global populations.
OBJECTIVE
Physical activity is a major component of total energy expenditure (TEE) that exhibits extreme variability in mice. Our objective was to construct a general, physiology-based model of TEE to accurately quantify the energy cost of physical activity.
METHODS
Spontaneous home cage physical activity, body temperature, TEE, and energy intake were measured with frequent sampling. The energy cost of activity was modeled considering six contributors to TEE (basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, body temperature, cold induced thermogenesis, physical activity, and body weight). An ambient temperature of 35 °C was required to remove the contribution from cold induced thermogenesis. Basal metabolic rate was adjusted for body temperature using a Q10 temperature coefficient.
RESULTS
We developed a TEE model that robustly explains 70-80% of the variance in TEE at 35 °C while fitting only two parameters, the basal metabolic rate and the mass-specific energy cost per unit of physical activity, which averaged 60 cal/km/g body weight. In Ucp1-/- mice the activity cost was elevated by 60%, indicating inefficiency and increased muscle thermogenesis. The diurnal rhythm in TEE was quantitatively explained by the combined diurnal differences in physical activity, body temperature, and energy intake.
CONCLUSIONS
The physiology-based model of TEE allows quantifying the energy cost of physical activity. While applied here to mice, the model should be generally valid across species. Due to the effect of body temperature, we suggest that basal metabolic rate measurements be corrected to a reference body temperature, including in humans. Having an accurate cost of physical activity allows mechanistic dissection of disorders of energy homeostasis, including obesity.
The consumption of green tea catechins (GTC) is associated with modulations of fat metabolism and consequent weight loss. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of GTC on resting metabolic rate (RMR), energy expenditure (EE), and respiratory quotient (RQ). Eligible studies considered both the chronic and acute intake of GTC-based supplements, with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) doses ranging between 100–800 mg. Findings from 15 studies (n = 499 participants) lasting 8–12 weeks (for chronic consumption) or 1–3 days (for acute intake) are summarized. This review reveals the positive effects of GTC supplementation on RQ values (272 subjects). Regarding the effects of acute and chronic GTC supplementation on RMR (244 subjects) and EE (255 subjects), the results did not allow for a definitive conclusion, even though they were promising, because some reported a positive improvement (two studies revealed an increase in RMR: one demonstrated an RMR increase of 43.82 kcal/day and another demonstrated an increase of 260.8 kcal/day, mainly when subjects were also engaged in resistance training exercise). Considering GTC daily dose supplementation, studies in which modifications of energetic parameters occurred, in particular RQ reduction, considered GTC low doses (100–300 mg). GTC may be useful for improving metabolic profiles. Further investigations are needed to better define adequate doses of supplementation.
Physical activity, nutritional status, and total energy expenditure are important components of a human. The purpose of this study was to investigate the depiction of physical activity, nutritional status, basal metabolic rate, and total energy expenditure of Indonesia migrant workers during Covid-19 pandemic. The study was a survey study with a descriptive design. The samples were 86 Indonesia migrant workers. The instrument used was the 24 hour recall physical activity sheet for 14 days. The result of the study showed that 88% of male samples and 95% of female samples gained physical activity level score in light category. The PAL score of the male samples was 1.56, while the PAL score of female samples was 1.52. Related to body mass index, 51% of Indonesia migrant workers were in the normal weight category; 27% were in the overweight category, 17% were in the Obese I Category and 5% were in the Obese II category. 22 Indonesia migrant workers in overweight category had light physical activity category, 15 persons in Obesity I category had light physical activity category and 4 persons in Obese II category. The average of the BMR of the samples during the quarantine, due to Covid-19 pandemic, was 1669 kkal/day for male and 1335 kkal/day for female. The average of total energy expenditure of the samples during Covid-19 quarantine was 2595 kkal/day for male and 2031 kkal/day for female. The physical activity level was light, the nutrition status was normal, total energy expenditure was low, the BMR of the sample was dominated by age factor, sex, and weight of the sample. The result of the study was expected to be a reference of regional and other quarantine systems to improve the immunity system during the 14 days of quarantine.
Effect of posture and locomotion on energy expenditure. Energy expenditure for human adults and infants and for dogs was measured in resting (supine or lateral) posture, in bipedal posture and locomotion, and in quadrupedal posture and locomotion. Variations in respiratory and heart rate and in body temperature were utilized in this comparative study. Oxygen consumption was also measured in human adults. In human adults, bipedal posture and locomotion were shown to be much less energy-consuming than corresponding quadrupedal posture and locomotion. The opposite was observed in adult dogs, where bipedalism was shown to be much more energy-consuming than quadrupedalism. In addition, this study demonstrated, for human adults in their natural erect posture, an energy expenditure barely higher than in supine or lateral resting posture, while the dogs in their natural quadrupedal stance, the energy expenditure is much higher than in their resting posture. With respect to energy, therefore, humans are more adapted to bipedalism than dogs to quadrupedalism.
[Specific weight loss in hyper- and hypothyroidism (author's transl)].
By means of a new method of extremely precise weight measurement (buoyancy scale) it is possible to measure the continuous weight loss of the human body. This weight loss is made up of three components, viz. the weight difference between produced CO2 and consumed O2, water loss through the lungs and transpiration through the skin. In relation to body weight it is called "specific weight loss." This parameter was measured in healthy human subjects and found to be within a relatively narrow range (16.42 plus or minus 2.55 mg/min/kp body weight). In four patients with hypothyroidism the values were very low (5.5 to 8.5 mg/min/kp). An increased specific weight loss was found in patients with hyperthyroidism (38 to 102 mg/min/kp in clinically severe cases). The applicability of this method to examination of thyroid function is discussed. It is compared to the classical method of basal metabolic rate measurement and its advantages are enumerated.
Published in Wiener klinische Wochenschrift (1975)
Abstract Objective This scoping review aims to map the existing equations used for estimating basal and resting metabolic rates and to specify their applicability to various population groups, particularly in cases where they demonstrate higher accuracy based on age, ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Methods The proposed scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A comprehensive search strategy has been developed to identify both published and unpublished studies. The literature search will be conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), SportDiscus (EBSCO), and ClinicalTrials.gov. Abstracts will be screened against the inclusion criteria, and the full text of all potential studies will be reviewed by two independent researchers. Data will be extracted using a pre-designed data extraction sheet and presented in tabular form and as a narrative summary. Results The findings of this review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented as an abstract at specialty conferences. Conclusion To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review will be the first to comprehensively map all existing equations for both basal and resting metabolic rates. It is also a pioneering effort in synthesising evidence on the accuracy of these equations. Open Science Framework (OSF) Registration This project has been registered at OSF since October 3 rd , 2024. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UD4WB
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