(This is called deoxygenated blood.) The body uses the oxygen carried in the other arteries to make energy. The blood in these arteries becomes deoxygenated - it does not have much oxygen left in it. This blood then travels through capillaries to get from the arteries to the veins. The veins' job is to carry the deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart. The pulmonary artery carries this blood from the heart's right ventricle to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood can pick up more oxygen.[3] After picking up more oxygen, the blood travels back to the left side of the heart and is pumped out to the body by the aorta. This cycle continues, over and over again.[3] Problems with arteries Arterial bleeding Because the heart pumps blood right into the arteries, the arteries are under a lot of pressure.[1] Unlike the veins, the arteries are always stretching and then squeezing to push blood through them to the body. Because of this, an arterial bleed - bleeding from an artery - can be a medical emergency, especially if the artery is big. Arterial bleeding can happen very quickly. An artery (from Greek ἀρτηρία (artēríā)) is a blood vessel in humans and most other animals that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart in the systemic circulation to one or more parts of the body. Exceptions that carry deoxygenated blood are the pulmonary arteries in the pulmonary circulation that carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the umbilical arteries in the fetal circulation that carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta. It consists of a multi-layered artery wall wrapped into a tube-shaped channel. Arteries contrast with veins, which carry deoxygenated blood back towards the heart; or in the pulmonary and fetal circulations carry oxygenated blood to the lungs and fetus respectively. The anatomy of arteries can be separated into gross anatomy, at the macroscopic level, and microanatomy, which must be studied with a microscope. The arterial system of the human body is divided into systemic arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and pulmonary arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Large arteries (such as the aorta) are composed of many different types of cells, namely endothelial, smooth muscle, fibroblast, and immune cells. As with veins, the arterial wall consists of three layers called tunics, namely the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa, from innermost to outermost. The externa, alternatively known as the tunica adventitia, is composed of collagen fibers and elastic tissue—with the largest arteries containing vasa vasorum, small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels. Most of the layers have a clear boundary between them, however the tunica externa has a boundary that is Arteries form part of the circulatory system. They carry blood that is oxygenated after it has been pumped from the heart. Coronary arteries also aid the heart in pumping blood by sending oxygenated blood to the heart, allowing the muscles to function. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues, except for pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation (usually veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart but the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood as well). There are two types of unique arteries. The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs, where it receives oxygen. It is unique because the blood in it is not "oxygenated", as it has not yet passed through the lungs. The other unique artery is the umbilical artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from a fetus to its mother. Arteries have a blood pressure higher than other parts of the circulatory system. The pressure in arteries varies during the cardiac cycle. It is highest when the heart contracts and lowest when heart relaxes. The variation in pressure produces a pulse, which can be felt in different areas of the body, such as the radial pulse. Arterioles have the greatest collective influence on both local blood flow and on overall blood pressure. They are the primary "adjustable nozzles" in the blood system, across which the greatest pressure drop occurs. The combination of heart output (cardiac output) and systemic vascular resistance, which refers to the collective resistance of all of the body's arterioles, are the principal determinants of arterial blood pressure at any given moment. Arteries have the highest pressure and have narrow lumen diameter. Systemic arteries are the arteries (including the peripheral arteries), of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Systemic arteries can be subdivided into two types—muscular and elastic—according to the relative compositions of elastic and muscle tissue in their tunica media as well as their size and the makeup of the internal and external elastic lamina. The larger arteries (>10 mm diameter) are generally elastic and the smaller ones (0.1–10 mm) tend to be muscular. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the arterioles, and then to the capillaries, where nutrients and gasses are exchanged. After traveling from the aorta, blood travels through peripheral arteries into smaller arteries called arterioles, and eventually to capillaries. Arterioles help in regulating blood pressure by the variable contraction of the smooth muscle of their walls, and deliver blood to the capillaries. This smooth muscle contraction is primarily influenced by activity of the sympathetic vasomotor nerves innervating the arterioles. Enhanced sympathetic activation prompts vasoconstriction, reducing the lumen diameter. A reduced lumen diameter consequently elevates the blood pressure within the arterioles. Conversely, decreased sympathetic activity within the vasomotor nerves causes vasodilation of the vessels thereby decreasing blood pressure.

Abstract Introduction: The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel which connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. This binding occurs opposite to the origin of left subclavian artery. The pulmonary trunk is an artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Objective: Make a morphometric study on the aorta and pulmonary artery beyond ductus arteriosus in a population of individuals between 9-26 weeks of gestation, constituting a database that can assist interventional surgeons for closure of the ductus arteriosus. Methods: It was measured weight, vertex-rump, vertex-heel lengths, head and chest circumferences, and anatomical measures concerning the ductus arteriosus of 44 human fetuses with gestational ages ranging from nine to 26 weeks. Inferential analysis was performed by Student's t test and Pearson's correlation (R) and the significance level was 0.05. Results: It was observed that, among the 44 fetuses, 22.72% had gestational age between nine and 14 weeks; 61.36% had between 15-20 weeks; and 15.90% had between 21-26 weeks of gestation. Regards morphological parameters, there are significant statistical differences for some parameters, such as diameter of the aorta+ pulmonary trunk (p < 0.0001); diameter of the aorta (p: 0.01); diameter of the pulmonary trunk (p: 0.007); diameter of the ductus base at the aorta (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: It is known that the earlier the correction of patent ductus arteriosus, increased patient survival. Marechal Rondon, s/n , CEP 49000-100, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil *E-mail: sydneyleao@hotmail.com Abstract Introduction: The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel which connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. This binding occurs opposite to the origin of left subclavian artery. The pulmonary trunk is an artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Objective: Make a morphometric study on the aorta and pulmonary artery beyond ductus arteriosus in a population of individuals between 9-26 weeks of gestation, constituting a database that can assist interventional surgeons for closure of the ductus arteriosus. 1 Introduction The aorta is the largest and the most important artery of the human body. It begins from the left ventricle and ends at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, where it divides into the common iliac arteries. The aorta is usually divided into five segments: ascending, arch of aorta, descending, thoracic and abdominal aorta (GOSS, 1977). The pulmonary trunk (PT) is an artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. It arises from the pulmonary annulus of the basis of right ventricle and below of the aortic arch it divides into right and left pulmonary arteries. In the fetus, at the level of the bifurcation the pulmonary artery is connected to the aortic arch by the ductus arteriosus (STRANDING, 2005). The ductus arteriosus (DA) is a blood vessel which connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. This binding occurs opposite and distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. After birth, the ductus should occlude up spontaneously due to contraction of its muscular wall, as a result of the difference of pressure between the right and left chambers of the heart (HERRMAN, BOSE, LEWIS et al., 2009). These structures have a common embryological origin. They arise from the forth and sixth pharyngeal archs. Aorta and pulmonary trunk are originated from an embryonic dilatation, called truncus asteriosus. During fetal life, when blood pressure is similar in pulmonary trunk and aorta, the structure of these vessels is similar. After birth, the pulmonary vascular resistance decreases, whereas blood flow increases (STRANDING, 2005). These changes lead to increased thickness of the aortic wall in relation to the pulmonary artery. Moreover, the DA must occlude spontaneously due to their muscle contraction wall, as a result of the pressure difference between the right and left chambers of the heart (HERRMAN, BOSE, LEWIS et al., 2009). The main objective of this article is to make a morphometric study on the major blood vessels (aorta and pulmonary artery) beyond ductus arteriosus in a population of individuals between 9-26 weeks of gestation. This article have the importance of constituting a morphometric database that can assist groups of interventional surgeons to find alternatives for filling and subsequent closure of the ductus arteriosus in populations as desafiant from the eyes of modern science such as newborn between 25 and 30 weeks of gestation. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study population 44 fetuses with gestational age between nine and 26 weeks, preserved by freezing in natura, were analyzed. F., SOUTO, M. J. S. et al. 172 J. Morphol. Sci. , 2015, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 170-175 The average ductus arteriosus dimensions found in this age group were: 1.68±0.67mm, for the length; 0.93±0.56 mm, for the diameter at the aorta; and 1.05±0.5 mm, for the diameter at the pulmonary trunk. The analysis of Table 2 shows that diameter of the aorta + pulmonary trunk (D), aortic diameter (E), diameter of the pulmonary trunk (F) – being these three variables measured at the outlet of the heart – and the diameter of the ductus base at the aorta (G) were significant data for this group. We believe that both age and weight, normally growing fetuses, can be used as reliable parameter to estimate the diameter and length of the major vessels of the body. The correlation coefficients between absolute values of significant parameters and fetal age are all moderate, being parameter D (diameter of the aorta + pulmonary trunk), the strongest of them ( R: 0.5899 ). A previous study Table 2. Mean values of some parameters correlated with gestational age – There are significant stastistical differences for some parameters. Regression line between gestacional age (x) and parameter D (diameter of aorta+ pulmonary trunk) (y). A morphometric study of ductus

the pulmonary and the umbilical arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the organs that oxygenate it. The effective arterial blood volume is that extracellular This glossary of medicine includes definitions of medical terminology and other terms pertaining to medicine and related fields. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint. The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint. Anterior tibial artery – The anterior tibial artery of the leg carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occurs at the transition of arterioles to capillaries. Artery – is a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart to all parts of the body (tissues, lungs, etc.). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood; the two exceptions are the pulmonary and the umbilical arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the organs that oxygenate it. The effective arterial blood volume is that extracellular fluid which fills the arterial system. Arthritis – is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism reach their developmental milestones at a normal pace before worsening. Axilla – (also, armpit, underarm or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. It also provides the under-arm sweat gland. Axillary artery – is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass (143 lb), bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb). Brachial artery – is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often Cardiovascular disease – (CVD), is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. CVD includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis. Carotid artery, common – In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries (carotids) ) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. Carotid artery, external – The external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it splits into the external and internal carotid artery. It supplies blood to the face and neck. Carotid artery, internal – The internal carotid artery is a major paired artery, one on each side of the head and neck, in human anatomy. Femoral nerve – is a nerve in the thigh that supplies skin on the upper thigh and inner leg, and the muscles that extend the knee. Femoral vein – In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor hiatus (an opening in the adductor magnus muscle) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. The femoral vein bears valves which are mostly bicuspid and whose number is variable between individuals and often between left and right leg. General surgery – is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland (depending on local referral patterns). They also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft tissue, trauma, Peripheral artery disease and hernias and perform endoscopic procedures such as gastroscopy and colonoscopy. Genetics – is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Red blood cell – The most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues — via blood flow through the circulatory system. Red blood cells take up oxygen in the lungs and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries. Renal artery – Renal vein – Reproductive system – Residency (medicine) – Respiratory system – Rheumatology – Rib cage – Ring finger – == S == Sacrum – The sacrum (plural: sacra or sacrums), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of sacral vertebrae S1–S5 between 18 and 30 years of age.

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