The presence of ketones, hemoglobin, and leukocytes in urine indicates metabolic stress and urogenital pathology.
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
7 sources for · 0 against
Peer-reviewed literature establishes that the presence of ketones in urine serves as an indicator of metabolic stress or disease, while urinary leukocytes and hemoglobin indicate urogenital pathologies like infections or bleeding.
Knowledge of functional groups provides students with a language for organic chemistry. However, students in a health science chemistry course do not plan to be synthetic organic chemists and, therefore, need examples of how functional group chemistry is relevant to their vocational goals. We have developed a lab to demonstrate how simple functional group chemistry is used in laboratory testing, namely, the “pee test”, or dipstick urinalysis. Dipstick urinalysis is frequently used to screen for various conditions and is used weekly in the last month of pregnancy. Our lab models the prenatal clinical environment. The laboratory allows for testing of chemical species that support a medical diagnosis: albumin testing for preeclampsia; leukocytes, nitrites, and pH for urinary tract infection; glucose, ketones, and pH to test for gestational diabetes, alcoholism, or other serious metabolic diseases. The related lessons are designed to support students in understanding the reactions involved in testing, biochemistry related to diagnosis, and general understandings of how tests are interpreted. In developing this experiment, we were confronted with disparities in prenatal care, namely, the absence of culturally competent care, inequitable access to care, and toxic stress due to racism that contribute to dramatically increased maternal death rates for women of color in the US. We identified resources to educate students on culturally competent care. These resources include reference to the way in which the “pee test” is administered. We have incorporated this resource into our lab with appropriate reflection questions, based on our newly devised cultural competence and social justice framework for chemistry students. Our findings indicated that student understandings of the chemistry and testing methods were adequate; on average, 77% of samples were properly diagnosed. With respect to social justice and cultural competence, we found that students predominantly discussed two elements of the cultural competence and social justice framework: reflection on privilege in society and agency to promote equity in healthcare.
Background Tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is increasingly used for obesity treatment, including in individuals without diabetes. Starvation ketoacidosis is a rare but serious complication associated with reduced caloric intake and enhanced ketogenesis. Reports of tirzepatide-associated starvation ketoacidosis in non-diabetic patients remain limited, and none have been reported in East Asian populations. Case presentation A 21-year-old Japanese woman with obesity initiated weekly subcutaneous tirzepatide (2.5 mg/week) for weight loss while practicing carbohydrate restriction. After the fifth injection, she developed persistent nausea and vomiting, leading to markedly reduced oral intake. She presented to the emergency department with hypoglycemia (68 mg/dL) and severe high–anion gap metabolic acidosis (pH 7.22, bicarbonate 10 mmol/L, anion gap 22.6 mmol/L). Urinalysis revealed ketonuria, and serum ketone levels were markedly elevated. She had lost 21 kg one month after the initiation of tirzepatide. No infection, toxin exposure, or alternative metabolic disorder was identified. Starvation ketoacidosis was diagnosed. Treatment with intravenous glucose-containing fluids resulted in rapid resolution of metabolic acidosis within 12 h without insulin therapy. Conclusions This case demonstrates that tirzepatide can precipitate starvation ketoacidosis in non-diabetic individuals, particularly when gastrointestinal adverse effects or dietary restriction lead to caloric deprivation. As the first reported case in an East Asian patient, it highlights the need for emergency physicians to consider starvation ketoacidosis in patients using tirzepatide for weight loss who present with vomiting, poor intake, or rapid weight loss. Early recognition and appropriate metabolic assessment are essential, and in patients with preserved endogenous insulin secretion, prompt glucose administration may allow rapid recovery without need for insulin therapy.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the functional role of the urine leukocyte count on type of UTI. Material & Methods: This is a systematic review study with searches for articles from 2010-2020 through the PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCO databases. The exclusion criteria in this study are patients using catheters (CAUTI), UTI patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and pediatric or infant patients. There were 1158 studies found and 3 studies synthesized. Results: There are 1130 patients studied. Age range from 18 to 89.1 years. Three studies showed that there was an association between the number of urinary leukocytes and the type of UTI (Tommaso Cai et al., p < 0.0001; and Alexander R. Levine et al., p < 0.001) and one study had no relationship. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the number of urinary leukocytes with the type of UTI. An increase in the number of urinary leukocytes above the normal limit is the sign of body’s immune response to eliminate uropathogens. The innate immune characteristic factors and the body’s immune response have an important role in causing symptoms in UTI patients.
Acute or intense exercise is sometimes related to infections of the urinary tract. It can also lead to incorrect hydration as well as incorrect glomerular filtration due to the presence of high-molecular-weight proteins that cause damage to the kidneys. In this context, our study lays the foundations for the use of a urine test in a team of twelve male basketball players as a means of monitoring numerous biochemical parameters, including pH, specific weight, color, appearance, presence of bacterial cells, presence of squamous cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes, proteins, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, hemoglobin, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase, to prevent and/or treat the onset of pathologies, prescribe personalized treatments for each athlete, and monitor the athletes’ health status.
Urinalysis and associated laboratory procedures. Macroscopic examination of urine is an integral part of urinalysis, and blood and bile pigments are a common cause of abnormal coloration. Urine SG is a convenient index of urine concentration and should be correlated with the patient's hydration status to determine the ability of the kidneys to concentrate and dilute urine. The pH of urine of dogs and cats normally is dietary dependent, but alkaline urine may suggest that the urinary tract is infected with a urea splitting organism. The dipstick test for proteinuria is convenient but less reliable than the sulfosalicylic acid method. The dipstick test for blood should not be used as a substitute for microscopic examination of urine but is of value in detecting hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria, when red cells may be absent in the sediment. The finding of glucose, ketones, and bilirubin in urine, when interpreted properly, may indicate the presence of disease processes not associated with the urogenital tract.
In dogs, there is no diagnostic test to identify and differentiate fetal fluids from maternal urine in the event that a clear-yellowish vulvar discharge is observed pre-whelping. The objective of this study was to find a test that could easily and accurately identify rupture of the fetal membranes preceding parturition. Maternal urine, and amniotic fluid (AMF) and allantoic fluid (ALF) from only one fetus per bitch, were collected intraoperatively during Cesarean section. Specific gravity (SG) was analyzed with a refractometer, whereas the presence of leukocytes, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, erythrocyte/hemoglobin (Hb), and the pH were assessed using a urine dipstick (Combur-Test®). Combined calcium and magnesium (Ca/Mg) content were evaluated with the Total Hardness Test. The AmniSure test, which detects rupture of fetal membranes in women on the basis of the presence of human placental alpha microglobulin-1, was also performed on canine AMF, ALF, and urine. Data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Pearson's correlation. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) were calculated for parameters with significant difference between urine and both fetal fluids. Maternal urine had higher SG and lower leukocyte, protein, Hb, and Ca/Mg content than AMF and ALF. Glucose was more often present in AMF (n = 17) and ALF (n = 12) than in urine (n = 1), whereas ketone bodies were rarely
INTRODUCTION Two main functions of the kidneys are to clean body fluids from several waste metabolites and keep the hydro-electrolytic balance by producing urine which contains body endogenic and exogenic wastes (1). Testing urine can help screen, diagnose and monitor a variety of diseases and metabolic conditions such as diabetes or liver diseases (2). The urine dipstick test is a simple diagnostic tool commonly performed in standard urinalysis in medical practice to assess selected metabolites (e.g. urobilinogen, glucose, etc.), markers (erythrocytes, leucocytes, etc.) and other characteristics of urines (e.g. pH, density, etc.) in urine (3). To realize the test, a strip with small squared colored fields (up to ten and each field is dedicated for one substance) is dripped into the collected clean midstream urine sample for a few seconds. Results can be inferred from the color changes occurring within seconds or minutes, which are compared with a reference color table, which usually appears on the urine test package (4). Dipstick urinalysis is often performed as part of a routine medical examination. It can be done by any health professional at the doctor's office, in the hospital or at home by patients for self-monitoring (2). Dipstick urinalysis is simple to perform, results are obtained quickly (about 1 minute), at a low cost (less than 1 US $ for one test in most instances) and the test, which is non-invasive, is not associated with side effects (5). Dipstick testing can
Everything we examined (7)
This check searched the claim as stated. It did not run a separate search for evidence against it.