The placebo effect can be observed in experiments on animals and human infants
the verdict
SUPPORTED
the evidence backs this
confidence 75/100
The placebo effect operates through conditioning and expectation mechanisms that are present and observable in both humans and non-human animal models.
Evidence for · 3
Reverse-engineering placebo analgesia.
2024 · cited by 0
Paper 3 demonstrates that placebo analgesia and conditioning paradigms can be successfully established and observed in rodent (animal) models.
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More for · 2
A brief history of placebo.
2025 · cited by 0
Paper 6 explicitly states that the major mediators of placebo effects (expectations and conditioning) operate in both animals and humans.
Placebo, nocebo, and learning mechanisms.
2014 · cited by 0
Paper 8 presents human and nonhuman research detailing learning mechanisms underlying placebo and nocebo responses.