The medial frontal gyrus is located in the region of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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REFUTED
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Anatomical reference sources refute the claim, showing that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex corresponds to the middle frontal gyrus rather than the medial frontal gyrus.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a highly variable, evolutionarily expanded brain region that is engaged in multiple cognitive processes. The subregions of the PFC mature relatively late compared with other brain regions, and the maturation times vary between these subregions. Among these, the dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dmPFC and dlPFC) share a parallel topographic pattern of functional connectivity, while participating in different types of complex behaviors. However, the developmental trajectories of the two areas remain obscure. In this study, we uncovered differences in the developmental trends of the dmPFC and dlPFC. These differences were mainly caused by structural and functional changes in the medial area of the superior frontal gyrus (SFG). The developmentally different arealization patterns were verified using multiple parcellation approaches with multimodal data, including structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), diffusion MRI (dMRI), resting state functional MRI (rfMRI), and a publicly available transcriptomic dataset. Human brain gene expression data was also used to perform downstream analyses, which could inform us about the potential biological mechanisms underlying the developmentally different arealizations. Furthermore, behavioral analyses hinted at the effects of regionalization on ontogeny. In brief, this study revealed a tendency toward a medial-lateral prefrontal division and can provide a fuller understanding of the potential underlying genetic underpinnings as well as of the potential effects on developmental behavior.
e where the superior and middle frontal gyrus could be distinguished; that is, until the slice immediately posterior to the first one where the frontal pole could be visualized, since this region has been previously adopted as the anterior border of DLPFC ( Tisserand et al, 2002 ). Interestingly, postmortem cytoarchitectonic studies ( Rajkowska & Goldman-Rakic, 1995a , b ) reveal that this landmark corresponds approximately to the cytoarchitectonic border between Brodmann's area 10 and 9.
In most of the slices, the cingulate sulcus was adopted as the medial border of the superior frontal gyrus, and the inferior frontal sulcus was adopted as the inferior border of the middle frontal gyrus ( Figure 2 ). In the most rostral slices, the limits adopted were the superior rostral sulcus and the frontomarginal sulcus, respectively. Following this procedure, a total measure of the “dorsal prefrontal cortex” (DPFC) was obtained.
Figure 2. Anatomical landmarks for the DPFC tracing.
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The DPFC was delimited medially by the cingulate sulcus (CS) and inferiorly by the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS). Medial and lateral portions of DPFC were delineated through a line traced from the tip of the superior frontal gyrus to the bottom of the superior frontal sulcus (SFS). Afterwards, a line was traced from the tip of the superior frontal gyrus to the bottom of the superior frontal sulcus, in order to delineate the medial and lateral portions of area 9. The medial and lateral parts of area 9 are located on the medial and lateral hemisphere surfaces, respectively, and they differ by their fine cytoarchitectonic features ( Rajkowska & Goldman-Rakic, 1995a , b ). The volume of the medial portion was subtracted from the total to calculate the DLPFC volume. These limits were based on an MRI-based parcellation method for the frontal lobe proposed by Crespo-Facorro et al. (1999) and cytoarchitectonic observations on the rostral border of area 9 ( Rajkowska & Goldman-Rakic, 1995a
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
| --- |
| An illustration of brain's prefrontal region |
| Details |
| Identifiers |
| Latin | cortex praefrontalis dorsolateralis |
| MeSH | D000087643 |
| FMA | 276189 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata] |
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC or DLPFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts into adulthood. [1] The dlPFC is not an anatomical structure, but rather a functional one. It lies in the middle frontal gyrus of humans (i.e., lateral part of Brodmann's area (BA) 9 and 46 [2]). In macaque monkeys, it is around the principal sulcus (i.e., in Brodmann's area 46 [3] [4] [5]). Other sources consider that dlPFC is attributed anatomically to BA 9 and 46 [6] and BA 8, 9 and 10. [1]
The dlPFC has connections with the orbitofrontal cortex, as well as the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (specifically, the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex (including posterior temporal, parietal, and o
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