Historical and chronological studies confirm that the Julian calendar was specifically structured with a leap year system to align civil timekeeping with the solar year.
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The T.M. Raghunath Calendar System: Precision Solar Alignment through Fractional Leap-Year Corrections (Demand for correction of error in the Gregorian calendar)
2025 · cited by 0
Paper 9 notes that the Julian calendar was a predecessor designed to align civil counting with the solar year, though subject to cumulative error addressed by later systems.
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Augustus' solar meridian functioning and the birth of the western leap year.
2025 · cited by 0
Paper 10 discusses the historical implementation and empirical validation of the Julian leap-year reform under Augustus to maintain alignment with the solar year.