ription initiation [ 1 ].
Transcription is precisely regulated depending on cellular conditions. The transcriptional activity of each gene is regulated by its promoter region, which is typically located upstream and immediately adjacent to the transcription start site (TSS). Promoters contain specific short regions of DNA (10–20 nucleotides) recognized by regulatory proteins (transcription factors) and termed transcription factor-binding sites. Specific interaction of transcription factors with DNA sequences within the promoter region (alone or in an assemblage with other proteins) facilitates the recruitment of RNA polymerase to specific genes [ 1 , 2 ].
Regulatory regions of eukaryotic genes are typically organized in a complicated manner, so that the regulatory regions of a specific gene may contain binding sites for more than 20 transcription factors [ 3 – 6 ]. On the other hand, a great number of different regulatory proteins (general transcription factors, regulatory sequence-specific DNA-binding factors, transcriptional coregulators, etc.) are involved in transcription regulation. According to recent data, the human genome encodes about 1500 regulatory sequence-specific DNA-binding factors (transcription factors, TFs) [ 7 – 9 ].
TFs constitute a large functional family of proteins directly regulating the activity of genes. To exert their function in gene transcription activation or repression, TFs must recognize the place in the genome where they should bind. For this purpose, they are equipped with DNA-binding domains (DBDs) [ 8 ].
Another very important group of regulatory proteins affecting transcription are chromatin regulators. Chromatin regulators can mediate histone (or DNA) modifications and chromatin remodeling to adjust chromatin structures and functions [ 1 ]. The inspection of databases, comprising human genes involved in chromatin regulation (CREMOFAC, CR Cistrome, and HIstome), and annotation by GO terms associated with chromatin, presented by E
outside the cell, such as a hormone. There are approximately 1600 TFs in the human genome, where half of them are C2H2 zinc fingers. Transcription factors are
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to DNA sequences. Specificity can be due to sequence motifs, or epigenetic modifications. The function of TFs is to regulate—turn on and off—genes in order to make sure that they are expressed i
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small subset of an organism's genome encodes transcription factors. Transcription factors function through a wide variety of mechanisms. In one mechanism
In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to
In molecular biology and genetics,…
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