The Golden Hammer cognitive bias exists as a documented psychological phenomenon
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The retrieved literature extensively documents cognitive biases as recognized psychological phenomena and links decision-making biases to well-established frameworks like the law of the instrument.
<h4>Background</h4>Being confronted with uncertainty in the context of health-related judgments and decision making can give rise to the occurrence of systematic biases. These biases may detrimentally affect lay persons and health experts alike. Debiasing aims at mitigating these negative effects by eliminating or reducing the biases. However, little is known about its effectiveness. This study seeks to systematically review the research on health-related debiasing to identify new opportunities and challenges for successful debiasing strategies.<h4>Methods</h4>A systematic search resulted in 2748 abstracts eligible for screening. Sixty-eight articles reporting 87 relevant studies met the predefined inclusion criteria and were categorized and analyzed with regard to content and quality. All steps were undertaken independently by 2 reviewers, and inconsistencies were resolved through discussion.<h4>Results</h4>The majority of debiasing interventions ( n = 60) was at least partially successful. Optimistic biases ( n = 25), framing effects ( n = 14), and base rate neglects ( n = 10) were the main targets of debiasing efforts. Cognitive strategies ( n = 36) such as "consider-the-opposite" and technological interventions ( n = 33) such as visual aids were mainly tested. Thirteen studies aimed at debiasing health care professionals' judgments, while 74 interventions addressed the general population. Studies' methodological quality ranged from 26.2% to 92.9%, with an average rating of 68.7%.<h4>Discussion</h4>In the past, the usefulness of debiasing was often debated. Yet most of the interventions reviewed here are found to be effective, pointing to the utility of debiasing in the health context. In particular, technological strategies offer a novel opportunity to pursue large-scale debiasing outside the laboratory. The need to strengthen the transfer of debiasing interventions to real-life settings and a lack of conceptual rigor are identified as the main challenges requiring further research.
Cognitive biases can adversely affect human judgment and decision making and should therefore preferably be mitigated, so that we can achieve our goals as effectively as possible. Hence, numerous bias mitigation interventions have been developed and evaluated. However, to be effective in practical situations beyond laboratory conditions, the bias mitigation effects of these interventions should be retained over time and should transfer across contexts. This systematic review provides an overview of the literature on retention and transfer of bias mitigation interventions. A systematic search yielded 52 studies that were eligible for screening. At the end of the selection process, only 12 peer-reviewed studies remained that adequately studied retention over a period of at least 14 days (all 12 studies) or transfer to different tasks and contexts (one study). Eleven of the relevant studies investigated the effects of bias mitigation training using game- or video-based interventions. These 11 studies showed considerable overlap regarding the biases studied, kinds of interventions, and decision-making domains. Most of them indicated that gaming interventions were effective after the retention interval and that games were more effective than video interventions. The study that investigated transfer of bias mitigation training (next to retention) found indications of transfer across contexts. To be effective in practical circumstances, achieved effects of cognitive training should lead to enduring changes in the decision maker's behavior and should generalize toward other task domains or training contexts. Given the small number of overlapping studies, our main conclusion is that there is currently insufficient evidence that bias mitigation interventions will substantially help people to make better decisions in real life conditions. This is in line with recent theoretical insights about the “hard-wired” neural and evolutionary origin of cognitive biases.
Cognitive biases are systematic cognitive distortions, which can affect clinical reasoning. The aim of this study was to unravel the most common cognitive biases encountered in in the peculiar context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Case study research design. Primary care. Single centre (Division of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland). A short survey was sent to all primary care providers (N = 169) taking care of hospitalised adult patients with COVID-19. Participants were asked to describe cases in which they felt that their clinical reasoning was "disrupted" because of the pandemic context. Seven case were sufficiently complete to be analysed. A qualitative analysis of the clinical cases was performed and a bias grid encompassing 17 well-known biases created. The clinical cases were analyzed to assess for the likelihood (highly likely, plausible, not likely) of the different biases for each case. The most common biases were: "anchoring bias", "confirmation bias", "availability bias", and "cognitive dissonance". The pandemic context is a breeding ground for the emergence of cognitive biases, which can influence clinical reasoning and lead to errors. Awareness of these cognitive mechanisms could potentially reduce biases and improve clinical reasoning. Moreover, the analysis of cognitive biases can offer an insight on the functioning of the clinical reasoning process in the midst of the pandemic crisis.
The purposes of this research were to understand and analyze the behavior of the psychological bias experienced by investors in making investment decisions. Psychological bias experienced by investors led to wrong decision making and fatal losses. This research used qualitative interpretive phenomenology method to understand the phenomenon of decision making based on the perspective of investors. The result showed that: (1) The phenomenon of cognitive bias and psychological bias behavior occur in nearly all informants, (2) The Psychology bias could be divided by two types, namely: expected emotion bias behavior and immediate emotion bias behavior, (3) experience, knowledge of the capital markets and the management of good emotions determine the level of psychological stability and reduce bias behavior that could be raising the return.
This paper reviews articles that have been published between 2001 and September 2024 with the emphasis on the impact of cognitive biases on sustainable decisions. By adhering to the PRISMA protocol, the authors analyzed 124 articles set in the WOS and Scopus databases. The results indicate that there is still relatively little empirical evidence and theoretical literature on cognitive biases, such as overconfidence, optimism, narcissism, and their impacts on sustainability performance. In this respect, the study calls for more interdisciplinary studies to connect psychology, corporate strategy, and environmental sciences to produce a more profound understanding of how biases influence sustainability. The bibliometric analysis shows the direction of the research development where the four most productive countries are the US, China, Germany, and India. The study recommends future research combining cognitive psychology with sustainability studies for constructing more inclusive theoretical frameworks to comprehend how and when biases influence sustainable environmental policies and initiatives.
Background There is a growing need for cost-effective interventions for depression. Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) techniques have been proposed as economical and scalable interventions, that aim to change cognitive biases present in depression, with potential therapeutic effects. Penton-Voak et al., (2012) developed and tested a novel CBM intervention that focuses on retraining negative biases in emotion perception which, over a series of studies, has shown generally positive but unreliable and weak associations between CBM training and mood improvements. Objectives: The aim of this study is to meta-analyse the effectiveness of an emotional bias CBM task on mood. Additionally, this study aims to examine the mediating effect of emotion processing, the proposed therapeutic target of the intervention, on the relationship between CBM and mood outcomes.Methods . We performed mediation analyses on 8 CBM studies separately (with a total of 1,250 participants) to determine whether the relationship between CBM and mood is mediated by emotion processing. Following this, we conducted a meta-analysis on the direct, indirect, and total effects from the mediation analyses.Results The meta-analysis results suggest that there is no reliable positive total effect of CBM training on mood improvement. However, we found a mediation effect in which mood improvements are mediated by changes in emotion processing. Conclusions These findings are promising, suggesting that modified training targeting emotional processing may offer therapeutic benefits.
AbstractPrevious studies have documented a preference for clockwise (CW) over counterclockwise (CCW) rotation in various visual tasks, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To determine at what stage the CW bias emerges, we tested this preference across multiple visual awareness paradigms using consistent 2D rotation stimuli. In Experiment 1, we found a strong CW bias in apparent motion, with CW dominating perception 1.6 times longer than CCW during long‐term presentations and eliciting an average of 74% CW percepts in short‐term presentations. By contrast, no CW bias was observed in binocular rivalry, suggesting its absence in low‐level perceptual conflict. Experiment 2 employed the breaking continuous flash suppression (b‐CFS) paradigm to assess unconscious preferences, revealing no difference in breakthrough times between CW and CCW rotations. Specifically, although apparent motion stimuli showed a higher frequency of CW percepts, breakthrough times for stimuli reported as CW and CCW were similar, indicating that the CW bias occurs after stimuli reach awareness. In Experiment 3, we manipulated the ambiguity of apparent motion stimuli and found significant interactions between the CW bias and input ambiguity, further ruling out a fixed sensory or response bias. These findings suggest that the CW bias in 2D rotation may be driven by higher‐level cognitive processes, offering insights into how the visual system resolves perceptual ambiguity.
Open Access paper from JCPP Advances - 'This meta-analysis aimed to establish the effects of CBM-I for children and adolescents on both anxiety and depression using psychometrically validated symptom measures, as well as state negative affect and negative and positive interpretation bias.' Gemma Sicouri (pic) et al.
Background There is a growing need for cost-effective interventions for depression. Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) techniques have been proposed as economical and scalable interventions, that aim to change cognitive biases present in depression, with potential therapeutic effects. Penton-Voak et al., (2012) developed and tested a novel CBM intervention that focuses on retraining negative biases in emotion perception which, over a series of studies, has shown generally positive but unreliable and weak associations between CBM training and mood improvements. Objectives: The aim of this study is to meta-analyse the effectiveness of an emotional bias CBM task on mood. Additionally, this study aims to examine the mediating effect of emotion processing, the proposed therapeutic target of the intervention, on the relationship between CBM and mood outcomes.Methods . We performed mediation analyses on 8 CBM studies separately (with a total of 1,250 participants) to determine whether the relationship between CBM and mood is mediated by emotion processing. Following this, we conducted a meta-analysis on the direct, indirect, and total effects from the mediation analyses.Results The meta-analysis results suggest that there is no reliable positive total effect of CBM training on mood improvement. However, we found a mediation effect in which mood improvements are mediated by changes in emotion processing. Conclusions These findings are promising, suggesting that modified training targeting emotional processing may offer therapeutic benefits.
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