Multiple studies demonstrate that the thermoluminescent properties and emission characteristics of crystalline materials are fundamentally governed by their specific impurities, dopants, and crystal lattice defects.
The retrieved papers consistently support the claim that crystal lattice defects and impurities determine the thermoluminescent and optical properties of stones and phosphors. Papers [1], [2], [7], [9], and [10] explicitly link specific defects (such as vacancies, interstitial atoms, and trap distributions) and impurities (dopants like Mn, Cr, Ce) to thermoluminescence emission mechanisms.