The Born rule for photons contradicts theoretical expectations
Theoretical and experimental investigations consistently show that the Born rule aligns with standard quantum expectations rather than contradicting them, particularly in photon and field-theoretic contexts.
The claim states that the Born rule for photons contradicts theoretical expectations. The retrieved papers overwhelmingly demonstrate that the Born rule is theoretically consistent, derivable, and well-integrated into both standard quantum mechanics and alternative field formulations (such as Maxwell-Schwartz theory). None of the papers provide evidence that the Born rule contradicts theoretical expectations; rather, they show its consistency with foundational principles.
Thomas D. Galley, Lluis Masanes. Any modification of the Born rule leads to a violation of the purification and local tomography principles. 2018. https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-11-06-104
Paper 0 establishes that modifications to the Born rule violate foundational principles like purification and local tomography, reinforcing standard theoretical expectations.
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Ovidiu Cristinel Stoica. Born Rule: Quantum Probability as Classical Probability. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-025-05979-7
Paper 1 provides a theoretical derivation of the Born rule as giving classical probability, showing alignment between quantum expectations and standard frameworks.
Alexey A. Kryukov. Mathematics and physics of consistency of the Born rule with normal probability distribution. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1275/1/012050
Paper 2 demonstrates the mathematical consistency of the Born rule with normal probability distributions within unified Hilbert space frameworks.
David Carfì. Photon Entanglement, Bell Inequality Violation, and Energy Interpretation of the Born Rule in Maxwell–Schwartz Field Theory. 2026. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202603.1612.v1
Paper 4 shows that photon polarization and entanglement probabilities cohere with standard theoretical interpretations via Maxwell-Schwartz field theory.
David Carfì. Photon Entanglement, Bell Inequality Violation, and Energy Interpretation of the Born Rule in Maxwell–Schwartz Field Theory. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/math14091490
Paper 5 confirms that the Born rule successfully interprets electromagnetic energy density in photon systems without contradicting theoretical frameworks.
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