academic engineering degree "ir.". What is not allowed is, after obtaining a doctorate, using dr. drs. Jansen; dr. Jansen should be used instead. A combination An academic degree is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education. Academic degrees are commonly structured in levels, most often categorized as undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The most common undergraduate qualification is the bachelor's degree, although some educational systems also offer lower-level degrees such as the associ Ir. (Ingenieur, later Insinyur) – Originally awarded to graduates of engineering, agriculture, environment, and technical fields, equivalent to today's Master of Engineering (M.T.). While the title is still in use today, it now signifies a professional engineer rather than an academic degree. As a result, newer graduates who obtain this title typically hold both Ir. [Name], M.T. Drs. (Doctorandus, later Doktorandus) - Awarded to male graduates of natural and social sciences and humanities, equivalent to today's master's degree (S2). Dra. (Doctoranda, later Doktoranda) - The female equivalent of Drs., awarded in same fields. Dr. (Doctor, later Doktor) - A title for doctorate holders, which remains in use today as the only Indonesian academic title placed before a name. Mr. (Shortening of Meester in de Rechten) - A title for law graduates. It was the first academic title to be abolished and the only one required to be converted to another title (S.H. or Bachelor of Law) as it was in Dutch rather than Latin, under Presidential Decree No. 265 of 1962, as part of President Sukarno broader efforts to eliminate the Dutch linguistic legacy in Indonesia. Doktorandus (Drs.) and Doktoranda (Dra.) originated from Latin, meaning "one who is to become a doctor." These titles indicated that the degree holder only needed to complete a dissertation to obtain a doctorate. Until the 1960s, diplomas from Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) explicitly stated that holders were entitled to pursue a doctorate upon defending a thesis. However, during the 1950s–1960s, Indonesia shortened undergraduate programs from 5–5.5 years to 4–4.5 years due to the need to increase the number of graduates, and differences in international education structures, with Indonesia later choosing to align with the Anglo-American education system due to U.S. influence. After the 1970s, ITB replaced Doktorandus and Insinyur (Engineer) titles with Sarjana (Bachelor) degrees. However, these titles remained granted and used until 1992 in other universities or institutes. By aligning with Anglo education standards, Indonesia transitioned to the B.Sc. - M.Sc. - Ph.D. model, similar to the Bologna Process.… licenc…