Temperature at the quantum level is defined by the statistical distribution of energy states.
Temperature at the quantum level is defined through statistical mechanics and the distribution of energy states across microscopic systems.
The retrieved literature consistently supports the foundational principle of statistical mechanics and quantum thermodynamics that temperature and thermodynamic variables are derived from the distribution and statistics of energy states in quantum systems.
P. Strasberg, A. Winter. First and Second Law of Quantum Thermodynamics: A Consistent Derivation Based on a Microscopic Definition of Entropy. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.030202
Paper [0] discusses microscopic definitions of temperature and thermodynamic quantities based on statistical mechanics and quantum states.
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S. Gherardini, G. De Chiara. Quasiprobabilities in Quantum Thermodynamics and Many-Body Systems. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.5.030201
Paper [1] utilizes quasiprobabilities and quantum statistics to describe energy exchanges and temperatures in quantum systems.
De‐hua Wang, T. Tang, Feng-zhen Wang. Thermodynamics properties of confined inverted harmonic oscillator in a quantum well. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-2025-0103
Paper [7] examines quantum statistics and thermodynamic properties, such as energy levels and heat capacity, in confined quantum systems.
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