Retrieved literature provides partial evidence that excessive vitamin supplementation can cause adverse effects, while an older reference text directly asserts that synthetic vitamins may be injurious to health.
h consequences of vitamins consumption are unknown. This study aimed to assess the side effects and possible harmful and detrimental properties of vitamins and to discuss whether vitamins can be used as safe health products or dietary supplements. We performed a MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Google Scholar search and assessed reference lists of the included studies which were published from 1993 through 2015. The studies, with an emphasis on RCTs (randomized controlled clinical trials), were reviewed. As some vitamins such as fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E), and also some of the water-soluble vitamins like folic acid may cause adverse events and some like vitamin C is widely taken assuming that it has so many benefits and no harm, we included relevant studies with negative or undesired results regarding the effect of these vitamins on health.
Our recommendation is that taking high-dose supplements of vitamins A, E, D, C, and folic acid is not always effective for prevention of disease, and it can even be harmful to the health.
Keywords: Vitamins, Dietary Supplements, Drugs, Complementary Therapies, Safety, Adverse effects Introduction
Most people all over the world use a daily multivitamin for treatment or prevention of chronic disease. Uncontrolled advertisements about the vitamins in addition to wide availability of these agents result in high prevalence of their consumption among people. Although the effectiveness of the multivitamins and minerals is unclear, the prevalence of the use of these supplements in many developed countries is widened. 1 The percentage of adults using any daily vitamin and mineral supplement has increased very rapidly in recent years. One third of adults and half of population aging more than 55 years report taking of at least one supplement per day. 2 An increase in supplement sales has been seen since 1997, reaching to $18.8 billion in the United States in 2003. 3
Antioxidants such as α-tocopherol (vitamin E
nutrients are minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, and choline. Major health organizations list thirteen vitamins: Vitamin A (all-trans-retinols
Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function. These essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through consumption. For example, vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by othe
In those who are otherwise healthy, there is little evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to cancer or heart disease. Vitamin A and E supplements not only provide no health benefits for generally healthy individuals, but they may increase mortality, though the two large studies that support this conclusion included smokers for whom it was already known that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful. A 2018 meta-analysis found no evidence that intake of vitamin D or calcium for community-dwelling elderly people reduced bone fractures.
Europe has regulations that define limits of vitamin (and mineral) dosages for their safe use as dietary supplements. Most vitamins that are sold as dietary supplements are not supposed to exceed a maximum daily dosage referred to as the tolerable upper intake level (UL or Upper Limit). Vitamin products above these regulatory limits are not considered supplements and should be registered as prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. The European Union, United States and Japan establish ULs.
Dietary supplements often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs, and botanicals. Scientific evidence supports the benefits of dietary supplements for persons with certain health conditions. In some cases, vitamin supplements may have unwanted effects, especially if taken before surg
Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function. These essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through consumption. For example, vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
The other essential nutrients are minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, and choline.
Major health organizations list thirteen vitamins:
Some writers include choline as a vitamin.
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The B complex vitamins function as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E function as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so.
All the vitamins were discovered between 1910 and 1948. Historically, when intake of vitamins from the diet was lacking, the results were vitamin deficiency diseases. Then, starting in 1935, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became
Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins. For example, avidin is a protein in raw egg whites that inhibits the absorption of biotin; it is deactivated by cooking. Pyrithiamine, a synthetic compound, has a molecular structure similar to thiamine, vitamin B1, and inhibits the enzymes that use thiamine.
In those who are otherwise healthy, there is little evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to cancer or heart disease. Vitamin A and E supplements not only provide no health benefits for generally healthy individuals, but they may increase mortality, though the two large studies that support this conclusion included smokers for whom it was already known that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful. A 2018 meta-analysis found no evidence that intake of vitamin D or calcium for community-dwelling elderly people reduced bone fractures.
Europe has regulations that define limits of vitamin (and mineral) dosages for their safe use as dietary supplements. Most vitamins that are sold as dietary supplements are not supposed to exceed a maximum daily dosage referred to as the tolerable upper intake level (UL or Upper Limit). Vitamin products above these regulatory limits are not considered supplements and should be registered as prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. The European Union, United States and Japan establish ULs.
Dietary supplements often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs, and botanicals. Scientific evidence supports the benefits of dietary supplements for persons with certain health conditions. In some cases, vitamin supplements may have unwanted effects, especially if taken before surgery, with other dietary supplements or medicines, or if the person taking them has certain health conditions. They may also contain levels of vitamins many times higher, and in different forms, than one may ingest through food.
USDA RDA chart in PDF format Archived 9 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Health Canada Dietary Reference Intakes Reference Chart for Vitamins
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Fact Sheets Archived 16 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
"Vitamins and minerals". nhs.uk. 23 October 2017.
large amounts are harmful to health (2) are found in small amounts and are harmful to health o: are found … Megadose supplements of can be harmful to health. 1. all synthetic vitamins a2% all natural vitamins … amounts but are not harmful to health 4. are found in small amounts but are not harmful to health Nervous
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Favorite Share Flag Flag this item for Graphic Violence Explicit Sexual Content Hate Speech Misinformation/Disinformation Marketing/Phishing/Advertising Misleading/Inaccurate/Missing Metadata texts Nutrition hnf 150 by Mook, Marilyn Publication date 1999 Publisher [Place of publication not identified] : Pilgrim Press Collection internetarchivebooks ; inlibrary ; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 193.1M Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2021-10-25 18:28:54 Boxid IA40272924 Camera Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control) Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1285758707 urn:lcp:nutritionhnf1500000mook:lcpdf:1973d6e3-2145-4c50-ac5e-0712da4bf4cf urn:lcp:nutritionhnf1500000mook:epub:7ab3b5bd-bc47-40e5-8f00-bbb017bcdb63 Foldoutcount 0 Identifier nutritionhnf1500000mook Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t3817t86h Invoice 1652 Isbn 0030454239 9780030454233 Ocr tesseract 5.0.0-beta-20210815 Ocr_detected_lang en Ocr_detected_lang_conf 1.0000 Ocr_detected_script Latin Ocr_detected_script_conf 1.0000 Ocr_module_version 0.0.13 Ocr_parameters -l eng Old_pallet IA-NS-0000921 Openlibrary_edition OL9941757M Openlibrary_work OL9297338W Page_number_confidence 0 Page_number_module_version 1.0.5 Pages 170 Pdf_module_version 0.0.15 Ppi 360 Rcs_key 24143 Republisher_date 20211026001232 Republisher_operator associate-marilyn-misa@archive.org Republisher_time 213 Scandate 20211023024921 Scanner station10.cebu.archive.org Scanningcenter cebu Scribe3_search_catalog isbn Scribe3_search_id 0030454239 Tts_version 4.5-initial-77-gb148eb45 Show More Show Less Full catalog record MARCXML plus-circle Add Review comment Reviews 21 Previews DOWNLOAD OPTIONS No suitable files to display here.
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diet is always beneficial to health, and a poor diet is always injurious to health. The degree to which a … only natural vita- mins should be used. Synthetic vitamins are the pure substance without the presence … that they are synthetic drugs, their continued use may possibly be very injurious to health. They dull the
Health Vs. Disease : Melvin E. Page and H. Leon Abrams, Jr. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Skip to main content Keep the news in the Wayback Machine. Sign Fight for the Future's letter .
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Favorite Share Flag Flag this item for Graphic Violence Explicit Sexual Content Hate Speech Misinformation/Disinformation Marketing/Phishing/Advertising Misleading/Inaccurate/Missing Metadata texts Health Vs. Disease by Melvin E. Page and H. Leon Abrams, Jr. Publication date 1960 Publisher Page Foundation, Inc.
Everything we examined (4) — 3 independent sources
This check searched the claim as stated. It did not run a separate search for evidence against it.