Abstract Biological processes linked to intramuscular inflammation during myogenous temporomandibular disorder (TMDM) are largely unknown. We mimicked this inflammation by intra-masseteric muscle (MM) injections of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) or collagenase type 2 (Col), which emulates tissue damage. CFA triggered mechanical hypersensitivity at 1d post-injection was mainly linked to processes controlling chemotactic activity of monocytes and neutrophils. At 5d post-CFA, when hypersensitivity was resolved, there was minimal inflammation whereas tissue repair processes were pronounced. Low dose Col (0.2U) also produced acute orofacial hypersensitivity that was linked to tissue repair, but not inflammatory processes. High dose Col (10U) triggered prolonged orofacial hypersensitivity with inflammatory processes dominating at 1d post-injection. At pre-resolution time point (6d), tissue repair processes were underway and a significant increase in pro-inflammatory gene expressions compared to 1d post-injection were detected. RNA-seq and flow cytometry showed that immune processes in MM were linked to accumulation of macrophages, natural killer and natural killer T cells, dendritic cells and T-cells. Altogether, CFA and Col treatments induced different immune processes in MM. Importantly, orofacial hypersensitivity resolution was preceded with repairs of muscle cell and extracellular matrix, an elevation in immune system gene expression and accumulation of distinct immune cells in MM.

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different types of contractions on muscle damage and muscle fatigue in sedentary individuals. Material and Methods. Thirty healthy male sedentary individuals participated in the study. Strength training in different types of contractions applied in the study was applied 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Before the study, the training loads were determined by making maximal force measurements of all subjects. The 30 subjects participating in the study were divided into 3 groups: isometric (n = 10), concentric (n = 10) and eccentric (n = 10) contraction group. Appropriate amount of blood samples was taken from the elbow vein 2 times from all subjects, before the studies and at the end of the 8-week strength training. Results. It was observed that eight-week strength training did not cause muscle fatigue in all groups and did not create a statistically significant difference (P> 0.05). Strength training with isometric and concentric contractions for eight weeks significantly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), myoglobin (Mb), interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels, while concentric strength training significantly reduced serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels. Strength training with eccentric contractions significantly increased serum LDH, CRP, AST, Mb and IL-6 levels, while significantly reducing serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. Strength training with eccentric contractions significantly increased serum creatine kinase (CK), CRP, AST, IL-6 and Mb levels compared to strength training with isometric and concentric contractions at the end of the eight-week study period, but did not show the same significant effect in other parameters. Conclusions. As a result, it can be said that eccentric strength training performed in sedentary individuals leads to more muscle damage than isometric and concentric strength training. 136 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS Muscle fatique and muscle damage in strength training Veysel BögeABDE, Süleyman PatlarACDE Faculty of Sport Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; B – Data collection; C – Statistical analysis; D – Manuscript Preparation; E – Funds Collection. Abstract Background and Study Aim The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different types of contractions on muscle damage and muscle fatigue in sedentary individuals. Material and Methods Thirty healthy male sedentary individuals participated in the study. Strength training with eccentric contractions significantly increased serum creatine kinase (CK), CRP , AST, IL-6 and Mb levels compared to strength training with isometric and concentric contractions at the end of the eight-week study period, but did not show the same significant effect in other parameters. Conclusions As a result, it can be said that eccentric strength training performed in sedentary individuals leads to more muscle damage than isometric and concentric strength training. Keywords: concentric, eccentric, isometric, muscle fatigue, muscle damage. Fatigue is an important phenomenon for exercise scientists, coaches, sportsmen and all athletes. With the increase in the amount of energy demanded, we can define a deterioration in the internal homeostasis as fatigue [5]. Exercise-induced fatigue during and after strength training is common for everyone. The workload during exercise is an intense feeling that causes the person to reduce his current load and even end his activity. In addition, it is thought that muscle damage may be effective in fatigue that © Veysel Böge, Süleyman Patlar, 2022 doi:10.15561/20755279.2022.0304 ORIGINAL ARTICLE continues for 24 hours or more following exercise [6]. With this study, the effects of factors such as muscle fatigue and muscle damage after strength training performed with different types of contractions on organism in sedentary individuals have been tried to be determined. Material and Methods Participants Thirty healthy male sedentary individuals living in Konya participated in the study as subjects. The 2022 0303 137 average age of the subjects was 23.52 ± 1.23 years, their average height was 180.13 ± 7.68 cm, and their body weight averages were 84.43 ± 9.18 kg. Although studies that overlap with our study and indicate that IL-6 level increases with strength training are included in the literature [42, 43], some researchers that contradict our study also reveal that strength training does not cause any increase in IL-6 levels [44, 45]. C-reactive protein, which is active in cleaning the damaged necrotic tissue, is responsible for controlling the destruction that may occur during inflammation [45, 46]. In our study, increased serum CRP levels after exercise in all Conclusions The present study demonstrates that eight- weeks strength training with different types of contractions causes some changes in sedentaries on muscle fatigue and muscle damage. Although such changes in strength training can be happen eccentric contractions cause more muscle damage than isometric and concentric group. 142 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS References 1. Ormsbe JM, Lox J, Arciero PJ. Beetroot juice and exercise performance. Nutrition and Dietary Supplement. 2013; 5: 27–35. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDS.S52664 2. Kellmann M. Enhancing Recovery, Preventing Underperformance in Athlete. 1th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2002. 3. Matveyev LP . Muscle fatique and muscle damage in strength training. Physical Education of Students, 2022;26(3):136–144. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2022.0304 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en Received: 09.04.2022 Accepted: 25.05.2021; Published: 30.06.2022