Multiple studies demonstrate that static images featuring specific luminance gradients and contrast patterns can induce compelling visual motion illusions, such as the peripheral drift effect.
The claim is a specific, empirically testable scientific proposition about visual perception. The provided literature includes foundational and recent studies (such as Kitaoka's peripheral drift illusion work, investigations into contrast-based visual latency, and research on static illusory expanding holes and the Rotating Snakes illusion) that consistently support the fact that static images can induce motion illusions via peripheral drift and related luminance mechanisms. There are no refuting papers.