ation of extracts as to whether they are liquid, soft, or dry, the aforementioned EMA category of “standardised extracts” is joined by two other categories of extracts, namely “quantified extracts,” and “other extracts,” depending on the relationship between known constituents and the extract’s biological activity [ European Medicines Agency (EMA), 2010 ]. Unlike the EMA-designated standardised extracts, in quantified extracts the identified constituents partly, but not fully, account for an extract’s bioactivity. In this case, and for “other extracts” that have no relationship between identified constituents and extract bioactivity, the whole of the extract is considered to be the active material. Crude extracts may be processed further, or a selective extraction may be performed at the outset to concentrate particular classes of phytochemicals or to decrease the content of unwanted constituents, or both. Gymnema leaf extract containing NLT than 5.0% of gymnemic acids as USP Purified Gymnema Extract , and USP Powdered Ginkgo Extract that contains NLT 22.0% and NMT 27.0% flavonol glycosides, and NLT 5.4% and NMT 12.0% of terpene lactones, are examples of extracts in which specific constituents are enhanced. Licorice root deglycyrrhizinated extract and green tea leaf decaffeinated extract with a concentrated content of catechins as USP Powdered Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract represent extracts in which specific constituents have been removed. These specialized extracts fall along a chemical complexity continuum from selective and semi-purified botanical extracts or extract fractions that concentrate a phytochemical class, to an isolated class of phytochemical constituents, to a single compound ( Figure 1 ). Depending on the degree of chemical purification, these latter two examples may no longer be appropriately considered extracts. Examples of concentrated constituent classes of compounds include sennosides extracted from senna leaflets or senna pods ( USP Sennosid