Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can compromise health and may be more prevalent amongst individuals with gender dysphoria (GD). Symptoms such as attention or social difficulties can impact assessment of GD, understanding of health information, and engagement in clinical care. To ensure neurodevelopmental conditions are adequately considered in gender health services, we aimed to systematically review the literature examining the prevalence of ASD and ADHD amongst individuals with GD. In this systematic review based on the PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies examining the prevalence of ASD and/or ADHD in individuals with GD or investigated the rate of GD in cohorts with ASD or ADHD. All English peer-reviewed publications were included. The search strategy identified 179 studies. After applying exclusion criteria, a total of 30 studies were identified, 22 studies which examined the prevalence of ASD or ADHD in people with GD. A further 8 studies examined the reverse; prevalence of GD in people with ASD. The few studies employing diagnostic criteria for ASD suggest a prevalence of 6-26% in transgender populations, higher than the general population, but no different from individuals attending psychiatry clinics. Few studies examine prevalence of ADHD. Low-level evidence exists to suggest a link between ASD and GD. Further population-based and controlled studies using diagnostic criteria for ASD and ADHD are required.

<h4>Background</h4>Transgender and gender expansive (TGE) youth often seek a variety of gender-affirming healthcare services, including pubertal suppression and hormone therapy requiring that TGE youth and their parents participate in informed consent and decision making. While youth must demonstrate the ability to understand and appreciate treatment options, risks, benefits, and alternatives as well as make and express a treatment choice, standardized approaches to assess the capacity of TGE youth to consent or assent in clinical practice are not routinely used. This scoping review identified the currently available data regarding adolescent capacity to consent to gender-affirming medical treatments.<h4>Methods</h4>Articles relevant to assessing adolescent capacity for clinical decision-making were identified using OVID Medline, Web of Science, and PubMed. Articles were reviewed and thematically analyzed.<h4>Results</h4>Eight relevant articles were identified using three tools for measuring adolescent clinical decision-making capacity: Measure of Understanding, Measure of Competence, and MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool (MacCAT). These studies explored hypothetical treatment decisions, mental health treatment decisions, HIV treatment decisions, genetic testing decisions, and gender-affirming medical decisions. Only one study specifically examines the capacity of TGE youth to consent to medical treatments. Age was correlated with capacity in most, but not all studies. Other studies found cognitive measures (IQ, literacy, numeracy) may impact important aspects of capacity (understanding and reasoning).<h4>Conclusions</h4>For clinicians caring for TGE youth, tools such as the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T) may prove useful, in conjunction with consideration of youth developmental abilities and utilization of shared decision-making practices. A standardized, collaborative approach to assessing TGE youth capacity would benefit TGE youth and their parents, and allow clinicians to more easily resolve ethical concerns.

The current article presents an integrated community-informed framework from which to conceptualize the complexity of gender dysphoria and the social context in which it is navigated. Our multidimensional model of gender dysphoria uses a systems-based approach to consider aspects of gender dysphoria that are experienced across individual, interpersonal, structural, and cultural levels. It is from this broad framework that we developed and conducted a psychometric evaluation of the Multidimensional Gender Dysphoria Measure (MGDM). Measure items were developed around five hypothesized subscales with input from content experts and refined through cognitive interviews. The initial 83 items were administered to 599 transgender and nonbinary participants (53.76% people of color) who endorsed diverse gender identities (i.e., 41.1% nonbinary, 24.5% women, and 34.4% men). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor structure that was upheld during confirmatory factor analysis, representing (a) body gender dysphoria, (b) social gender dysphoria, (c) variability of gender dysphoria, (d) gender dysphoria relief, and (e) internalized gender normativity. The final 25-item scale was found to be invariant across gender, race, and assigned sex, allowing the MGDM to be used to make meaningful within-group comparisons that are not confounded by measurement error. Overall, the MGDM evidenced partial convergent, discriminant, and incremental predictive validity. The MGDM allows for a multidimensional conceptualization of gender dysphoria that is inclusive of both body and social components. Conceptually grounded in both gender normativity and gender minority stress theory, the MGDM can guide further research in these important areas of transgender and nonbinary health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

excluding people with a clear gender identity, “who only experience clinically significant symptoms as a result of society’s bias against gender-variant persons or due to the ongoing gender dysphoria that persists as a lack of treatment” ( Green et al., 2011 , p. 4). Instead of Gender Incongruence, the DSM-5 lists Gender Dysphoria in its own section ( APA, 2013 ). Like the WPATH recommendations, Gender Dysphoria focuses on the psychological distress associated with gender incongruence, not merely the endorsement of a transgender or gender nonconforming identity. Thus, the current description of Gender Dysphoria renders many diagnostic tools for GID, GIDC, and Transsexualism outdated or not useful, as simple identification of individuals who possess a TGNC identity may no longer be clinically relevant. Current Literature on TGNC Assessment Accurate, evidence-based assessments of gender dysphoria, TGNC minority stress, and related constructs have emerged to meet clinical need and in response to professional standards for working with TGNC people. However, limited comparative information is available, and no comprehensive review of these measures exists. Schneider and colleagues (2016) compared two relatively recent measures, the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale ( Cohen-Kettenis & van Goozen, 1997 ) and the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults ( Deogracias et al., 2007 ). Both scales predate the DSM-5, but are focused on facilitating diagnosis of gender dysphoria. Beyond the Schneider et al. paper, there is no known review of the various questionnaires, interview protocols, and assessment batteries that have been developed for use with TGNC individuals. Furthermore, the emphasis on gender dysphoria in DSM-5, rather than on particular behavior or adherence to certain culturally prescribed gender roles, means that measures focused only on “diagnosing” a gender identity are outdated. It is now important to move beyond diagnosis and inste

An MMPI subscale (Gd): to identify males with gender identity conflicts. This study reported on the development and cross-validation of a 31-item MMPI Gender Dysphoria subscale (Gd) which accurately discriminates between gender identity patients and matched controls, and identifies males with gender dysphoria syndrome. Both the validity and reliability of the Gd scale has been demonstrated and there is every expectation that the scale has excellent potential for clinical usage. In the construction of the Gd scale, we have addressed the major methodological problems of previous studies which have used psychological tests to assess gender role and identity disturbances: small criterion groups, a lack of an appropriate control group, and prediction of too many false positives. Published in Journal of personality assessment (1983)

individual’s historical cross-gender behaviors and current gender dysphoria (Blan¬ chard and Freund … Specify if: With Gender Dysphoria 302.82 Voyeurism 302.9 Paraphilia NOS GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS … there were no gender differences for Conduct Problems, suggesting that gender differences in