The influence of both mixing pressure and substrate temperature on the structure and properties of spray polyurethane foams produced with a high content (80%) of tall oil-based polyol was investigated. The use of a renewable feedstock such as tall oil polyol aligns with the principles of sustainable development by reducing the carbon footprint and minimizing the environmental impact of the production process. The research focused on identifying the relationships between process parameters and the resulting materials' thermal insulation properties, physico-mechanical performance, thermal behavior, cellular structure, and chemical composition. The results demonstrated that increasing the mixing pressure (from 12.5 to 17.5 MPa) and substrate temperature (from 40 to 55 °C) led to a reduction in average pore diameter, an increase in closed-cell content up to 94.5% and improved structural homogeneity. The thermal conductivity coefficient (λ) ranged from 18.55 to 22.30 mW·m^-1·K^-1 while apparent density varied between 44.0 and 45.5 kg·m^-3. Higher mixing pressure positively affected compressive strength, whereas elevated substrate temperature reduced this parameter. Brittleness, water uptake, and dimensional stability remained at favorable levels and showed no significant correlation with processing conditions. These findings confirm the high quality of the materials and highlight their potential as sustainable, environmentally friendly insulation foams.

There is a great need for emissions information that can be used to estimate when it is safe for trade workers to re-enter a work area in which spray polyurethane foam (SPF) was recently applied to surfaces during retrofit and new construction. The Center for the Polyurethanes Industry (CPI) Ventilation Research Task Force conducted experiments to determine the decay rate of chemical vapor after SPF application. The purpose of the study was to estimate the time required to restrict unprotected trade workers, such as plumbers, electricians, dry wall installers, etc., from the work area to minimize their exposure. Emissions from CPI generic high-pressure medium-density, high-pressure low-density, and low-pressure two-component kit formulations were evaluated in a ventilated room operating at a rate of 10 air changes per hour (ACH) for 3 h and lowered to 1 ACH for 9 h to evaluate decay rates for a total of 12 h. Chemical ingredients selected for evaluation represent those typically present in SPF formulations. Substances evaluated included methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, amine catalysts, blowing agents, and flame retardants. This paper discusses the experimental protocol, reports results of the air sampling study, and provides recommendations.

This study explores how production technology influences spray-applied rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam insulation's cryogenic performance. In cryogenic applications such as liquid gas storage, insulation must minimise heat transfer and resist moisture ingress under severe thermal gradients. Experimental aluminium vessels were insulated with PUR foam of varying thicknesses and surface conditions-rough, machined smooth, and with a urea-based protective coating-and then tested using dynamic boil-off of liquid nitrogen (LN₂). Foam properties, including adhesion, mechanical strength, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and closed-cell content, were evaluated. The results revealed that thicker insulation reduced both effective thermal conductivity and moisture uptake. Although the urea-coated vessel showed minimal water absorption, the coating increased overall thermal conductivity due to its heat conduction and condensation behaviour. Moisture was primarily absorbed near the foam surface, and no cumulative effects were observed during repeated tests. The effective thermal conductivity was determined by interpolating boil-off data, confirming that insulation performance strongly depends on thickness, surface condition, and environmental humidity. These findings provide valuable guidance for the design and application of PUR foam insulation in cryogenic environments.

into a single form. Spray foam is a type of insulation that is sprayed in place through a gun. Polyurethane and isocyanate foams are applied as a two-component Building insulation materials are the building materials that form the thermal envelope of a building or otherwise reduce heat transfer. Insulation may be categorized by its composition (natural or synthetic materials), form (batts, blankets, loose-fill, spray foam, and panels), structural contribution (insulating concrete forms, structured panels, and straw bales), functional mode (conductive, ra Icynene Icynene is a trademarked brand of isocyanate open-cell spray foam from Huntsman Building Solutions. The classic version has a thermal resistance (R value) of 3.7 per inch and other versions have even higher values. The formula also includes a flame retardant. Icynene uses water for its spray application and the chemical expansion is caused by the carbon dioxide generated between the water and isocyanate material. Icynene will expand up to 100 times it original size within the first 6 seconds of being applied. Icynene contains no ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs, HFC's, HCFC's. Icynene contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Icynene will not emit any harmful gases once cured. Icynene has a Global warming potential of 1. Flammability is relatively low. Icynene maintains its efficiency with no loss of R-Value for the life of the install. Icynene is more expensive compared to traditional insulation methods. Any potential for harm is primarily during the installation phase and particularly for installers. The manufacture of icynene involves many toxic petrochemicals. Sealection 500 spray foam R-3.8 (RSI-0.67) per inch. a water-blown low density spray polyurethane foam that uses water in a chemical reaction to create carbon dioxide and steam which expands the foam. Flame spread is 21 and smoke developed is 217 which makes it a Class I material (best fire rating). Disadvantages: Is an Isocyanate.

Pumping system provides accurate, controlled flows of two chemical liquids mixed in spray head and react to form rigid or flexible polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam. Compatible with currently used polyurethane-based coating materials and gas-bubble-forming agents (called "blowing agents" in industry) and expected to be compatible with materials that used in near future. Handles environmentally acceptable substitutes for chlorofluorocarbon foaming agents.

Validation Study of Experimental Insulating and Air-Sealing Technology for Enclosed Roof Cavities, explores a new minimally invasive system known as Pinhole Insulation ® for retroft insulation of cathedral ceilings, flat roofs, dormer roofs, and other enclosed roof cavities. It also explores the validation of the associated equipment, software, and materials used in this application. The Pinhole Insulation process essentially consists of drilling a ¼” hole in the ceiling surface and then injecting closed cell polyurethane foam such that the foam is deposited on the interior surface of the exterior roof sheathing. In a typical cathedral ceiling with R19 batts, the R value will be improved by at least 60% and the cavity will become completely air sealed. The system is quick, minimally invasive and at least an order of magnitude less expensive than alternatives such as removing the ceiling surface and spraying closed cell foam.

Medial approach in elbow arthroscopy. The author undertook a cadaveric dissection study to confirm the hypothesis that starting with the anterior medial portal in elbow arthroscopy is safer than starting with the anterior radial portal. In six cadaveric elbows, the capsule was distended with saline. Both anterior medial and anterior radial approaches were made with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees. Four and one-half millimeter arthroscopic sheaths were inserted and obturators were then left in place while the saline was drained; expanding polyurethane foam was used to distend the capsule. We allowed the polyurethane foam to harden and then dissected all elbows, with special attention given to exposure of the radial and medial nerve and the brachial artery. The hardened foam allowed for continued capsular distension during these dissections and recreated normal distances from instrument portals to neurovascular bundles. The minimum distance from the path of the arthroscopic sheath to the large neurovascular structures was then measured. The distance from the medial portal to the nearest neurovascular structure (median nerve, brachial artery) averaged 23 mm.