Specific mental illnesses cause impaired performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
Specific mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia and major depression, are consistently associated with impaired performance and executive dysfunction on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.
Multiple clinical studies directly support the claim that specific mental illnesses, notably schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mood disorders, result in impaired performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) due to underlying executive function and prefrontal cortex deficits. No papers refute this relationship.
S. Yip, K. A. Sacco, T. George, M. Potenza. Risk/Reward Decision-Making in Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Examination of the Influence of Tobacco Smoking and Relationship to Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Performance. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.012
Paper 0 establishes that individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate significant cognitive deficits on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task compared to controls.
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P. Ossola, Neil Garrett, L. Biso, A. Bishara, C. Marchesi. Anhedonia and sensitivity to punishment in schizophrenia, depression and opiate use disorder.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.120
Paper 1 uses the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to assess prefrontal cortex function and learning deficits across major psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia.
Darren Haywood, Frank Baughman. Multidimensionality in Executive Function Profiles in Schizophrenia: A Computational Approach Using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v9f4d
Paper 2 examines executive function deficits on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task specifically in individuals with schizophrenia.
Granato G, Costanzo R, Borghi A, Mattera A, Carruthers S, Rossell S, Baldassarre G. An experimental and computational investigation of executive functions and inner speech in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89555-3
Paper 3 evaluates cognitive flexibility and executive function impairments using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in a large sample of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Pei JC, Chang CY, Liu YW, Chen C, Liu CY, Hsieh MH, Liu CM, Lai WS. Advancing Understanding of Treatment Response in Schizophrenia With Psychosis Using a Novel Dynamic Reward Task.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaf070
Paper 8 demonstrates consistent executive function abnormalities on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task among patients with schizophrenia.
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