Specific chemicals and structures control the direction of plant growth
Specific plant hormones, notably auxin, and their dedicated transport structures and signaling pathways directly control the direction and architecture of plant growth.
The retrieved papers consistently demonstrate that plant growth direction—such as gravitropism, branching angles, and cellular elongation—is regulated by specific chemical signals (phytohormones like auxin) and specialized structural transport proteins that establish localized concentration gradients.
Yuqin Zhang, Amichai Berman, Eilon Shani. Plant Hormone Transport and Localization: Signaling Molecules on the Move.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-070722-015329
Paper 0 details how plant hormone transport and localization act as signaling molecules that regulate growth and development.
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Chen Yun, Wanzhuang Ma, Jun Feng, Lanxin Li. Branching angles in the modulation of plant architecture: Molecular mechanisms, dynamic regulation, and evolution. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101292
Paper 4 discusses how molecular mechanisms, centered on auxin, modulate branching angles and overall plant architecture.
Andrea R Kohler, Andrew Scheil, Joseph L. Hill, Jeffrey R Allen, Jameel M Al-Haddad, Charity Z. Goeckeritz, Lucia C. Strader, F. Telewski, Courtney A. Hollender. Defying gravity: WEEP promotes negative gravitropism in peach trees by establishing asymmetric auxin gradients. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae085
Paper 5 shows that WEEP promotes negative gravitropism by establishing asymmetric auxin gradients that direct cell elongation and shoot posture.
Bjørn Lildal Amsinck, Ines Benhammouche, Adriana Chrenková, A. Snow, B. P. Pedersen. Tailored for swift recognition: A structural perspective on secondary active plant hormone transporters. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70762
Paper 7 examines secondary active plant hormone transporters and how their structural organization controls directional hormone movement across membranes.
A. Kohler, Andrew P. Scheil, Joseph L. Hill, Jeffrey R. Allen, Jameel M Al-Haddad, Charity Z. Goeckeritz, L. Strader, F. Telewski, Courtney A. Hollender. Defying Gravity: WEEP promotes negative gravitropism in Prunus persica (peach) shoots and roots by establishing asymmetric auxin gradients. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.26.542472
Paper 8 confirms that WEEP regulates polar auxin transport mechanisms associated with gravitropism and lateral orientation in plant shoots and roots.
Bilal Akhtar, R. K. Prajapati, Amit Kumar Singh. Mechanisms of Auxin Signalling Pathways in Plants: A Comprehensive Review. 2025. https://doi.org/10.21276/pt.2025.v2.i3.13
Paper 10 outlines how auxin signaling pathways and transport to elongation zones induce cell expansion and govern tropisms.
Linfeng Sun. A molecular picture of auxin transport in plants. 2023. https://doi.org/10.61109/cs.202603.170
Paper 11 presents structural analyses of auxin transporters, demonstrating how specific protein architecture mediates polar auxin transport to establish growth gradients.
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