Specific chemical compounds are responsible for the pigmentation and colors found in flowers
Specific chemical compounds, notably anthocyanins, carotenoids, and flavonoids, are well-documented by metabolomic and botanical studies as the direct determinants of flower pigmentation and color.
The retrieved papers consistently show through targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics that specific classes of chemical compounds (such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, and flavonols) are responsible for the pigmentation and color variations observed across various flower species. Thus, the claim is strongly supported by empirical evidence.
C. Park, H. Yeo, Y. Kim, B. V. Nguyen, Y. Park, R. Sathasivam, J. K. Kim, S. Park. Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycoris radiata. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11020248
Identifies specific anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds present during flower development in Lycoris radiata.
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Long Li, Jing-xiu Ye, Houhua Li, Qianqian Shi. Characterization of Metabolites and Transcripts Involved in Flower Pigmentation in Primula vulgaris. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.572517
Demonstrates that combinations of specific flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids determine flower colorations in Primula vulgaris.
Parisa Jariani, A. Shahnejat-Bushehri, Roohangiz Naderi, M. Zargar, Mohammad-Reza Naghavi. Molecular and Phytochemical Characteristics of Flower Color and Scent Compounds in Dog Rose (Rosa canina L.). 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133145
Finds that anthocyanins and flavonols serve as key chemical constituents of petal color in Rosa canina.
Sun M, Han B, Xiao J, Yu H, Jia Y, Yuan S, Yao J, Xing Q, Wu D, Sun G, Zhang J. The chromosome-level genome of Hemerocallis middendorffii provides new insights into the floral scents and color biosynthesis in Chinese native daylily.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06863-6
Shows that carotenoids and anthocyanidins are the primary chemical components responsible for floral color in daylily.
Li X, Zhu H, Zhang B, Liu D. Integrated Omics Analysis Revealed the Differential Metabolism of Pigments in Three Varieties of <i>Gastrodia elata</i> Bl.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411839
Reveals that specific carotenoid accumulations dictate color differences in Gastrodia elata flowers.
Du H, Feng C, Liang Z, Lou Z, Liu L. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling reveals the flower color formation mechanism of alfalfa different purple flowers.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1786493
Establishes that specific anthocyanins such as delphinidin and malvidin derivatives drive the purple coloration gradient in alfalfa flowers.
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