Spacetime possesses a complex topological structure at microscopic scales.
Current theoretical frameworks in quantum gravity, such as loop quantum gravity, string theory, and spacetime foam models, strongly indicate that smooth classical spacetime dissolves into a complex topological and geometric structure at microscopic Planck scales.
The retrieved literature consistently points towards the non-fundamentality of smooth continuous spacetime, revealing complex topological fluctuations (spacetime foam), discrete informational matrices, or graph-like connectivity networks at microscopic scales. There are no refuting papers.
Daniele Oriti. Levels of Spacetime Emergence in Quantum Gravity. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844143.003.0002
Levels of Spacetime Emergence in Quantum Gravity (2021) discusses how classical spacetime dissolves into more fundamental microscopic structures in quantum gravity.
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Carlip S. Spacetime foam: a review.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/acceb4
Spacetime foam: a review (2023) details Wheeler's foundational concept of large quantum fluctuations in geometry and topology at the Planck scale.
Neukart F, Marx E, Vinokur V. Extending the QMM Framework to the Strong and Weak Interactions.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27020153
Extending the QMM Framework to the Strong and Weak Interactions (2025) describes a discretized, Planck-scale formulation where spacetime acts as a dynamic information reservoir with local quantum imprints.
Hannan M. Spacetime and Yang–Mills from String Flux: A Background-Independent, Flux-First Framework Unifying Emergent Gravity and Emergent Gauge Theory, with Renormalization-Group Analysis, String-Theoretic Embedding, and First Numerical Tests. 2026. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10232321/v2
Spacetime and Yang–Mills from String Flux (2026) models emergent spacetime from a microscopic substrate of flux-tube networks exhibiting non-trivial topology and phase structure.
Hannan M. Spacetime Emergence from Flux-Tube Connectivity: A Flux-First Framework, Renormalization-Group Analysis, String-Theoretic Embedding, and First Numerical Tests. 2026. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10232321/v1
Spacetime Emergence from Flux-Tube Connectivity (2026) reiterates the derivation of macroscopic geometry and topology from microscopic graph connectivity and fluctuations.
Dorau P, Much A. Local expansion mechanisms for quantum-scale wormholes.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54990-3
Local expansion mechanisms for quantum-scale wormholes (2026) examines the theoretical presence of microscopic spacetime structures like Planck-scale wormholes.
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