Solids undergo combustion by first pyrolyzing or vaporizing into the gas phase where oxidation occurs
Solids undergoing combustion typically first thermally decompose or vaporize into volatile gases, which subsequently react with oxygen in the gas phase.
The retrieved literature consistently supports the fundamental chemical engineering and combustion principle that solid fuels undergo pyrolysis and vaporization to release volatile species into the gas phase, where the primary oxidation reactions take place.
Jiuling Yang, Naian Liu, Haixiang Chen, Wei Gao. Smoldering and spontaneous transition to flaming over horizontal cellulosic insulation. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCI.2018.05.054
Paper 0 describes solid fuel combustion transitions involving pyrolysis supplying volatile gaseous fuel for subsequent gas-phase oxidation reactions.
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Émeric Boigné, N. R. Bennett, Adam Wang, M. Ihme. Structural analysis of biomass pyrolysis and oxidation using in-situ X-ray computed tomography. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111737
Paper 1 measures the heterogeneous processes of biomass combustion, separating the propagation of the solid pyrolysis front from gas-phase temperatures and flame anchoring.
D. Müller, Thomas Plankenbühler, J. Karl. A Methodology for Measuring the Heat Release Efficiency in Bubbling Fluidised Bed Combustors. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102420
Paper 2 discusses how thermal conversion of solid fuels releases pyrolysis products into the freeboard where they undergo further gas-phase oxidation.
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